Beyond the Pixel: a Photometrically Calibrated HDR Dataset for Luminance and Color Prediction

Light plays an important role in human well-being. However, most computer vision tasks treat pixels without considering their relationship to physical luminance. To address this shortcoming, we introduce the Laval Photometric Indoor HDR Dataset, the first large-scale photometrically calibrated dataset of high dynamic range 360{\deg} panoramas. Our key contribution is the calibration of an existing, uncalibrated HDR Dataset. We do so by accurately capturing RAW bracketed exposures simultaneously with a professional photometric measurement device (chroma meter) for multiple scenes across a variety of lighting conditions. Using the resulting measurements, we establish the calibration coefficients to be applied to the HDR images. The resulting dataset is a rich representation of indoor scenes which displays a wide range of illuminance and color, and varied types of light sources. We exploit the dataset to introduce three novel tasks, where: per-pixel luminance, per-pixel color and planar illuminance can be predicted from a single input image. Finally, we also capture another smaller photometric dataset with a commercial 360{\deg} camera, to experiment on generalization across cameras. We are optimistic that the release of our datasets and associated code will spark interest in physically accurate light estimation within the community. Dataset and code are available at https://lvsn.github.io/beyondthepixel/

Les régions HII de la galaxie irrégulière NGC 4449 avec SITELLE

Les galaxies irrégulières naines renferment de multiples mystères quant à leur fonctionnement et à leur évolution. Malgré ces énigmes, elles sont très importantes pour comprendre l'évolution de l'Univers, puisque certains scénarios cosmologiques suggèrent qu'elles constitueraient les bases fondamentales de la fusion hiérarchique des galaxies. La galaxie irrégulière naine NGC 4449 est la candidate parfaite pour étudier avec une haute résolution les comportements des galaxies du début de l'Univers, à cause de sa forte ressemblance avec celles-ci. Des données prises avec une haute résolution spatiale et spectrale sont utilisées pour obtenir de l'information à l'échelle des amas stellaires individuels, tout comme à l'échelle de la galaxie entière. Il est donc possible de relier les mécanismes de formation stellaire globaux de la galaxie aux propriétés morphologiques, chimiques, et cinématiques des régions de formation stellaire récente. Dans ce mémoire, la théorie des galaxies naines et irrégulières est explorée, en se concentrant particulièrement sur les propriétés reliées à la formation stellaire. Les caractéristiques de la galaxie irrégulière naine NGC 4449, qui constitue le sujet de cette étude, sont ensuite détaillées. Ses régions H ii, régions de gaz ionisé associées aux amas stellaires jeunes, sont subséquemment détectées et étudiées de manière statistique, pour en apprendre plus sur l'activité de formation stellaire et l'histoire évolutive de NGC 4449. Cette étude fait partie du grand programme SIGNALS, visant l'étude de l'évolution des galaxies qui utilise les données acquises à l'aide de l'instrument SITELLE au CFHT.Dwarf irregular galaxies still hold multiple mysteries regarding their behaviours and evolution. However, they are crucial systems to understand the evolution of the Universe, as they represent the fundamental building blocks of hierarchical galaxy fusion in certain cosmological scenarios. The dwarf irregular galaxy NGC 4449 is the perfect candidate to study, with a high resolution, the behaviours of the galaxies at the beginning of the Universe, due to its strong resemblance with them. High spatial and spectral resolution data is used to obtain information on the stellar cluster scale, as well as on the scale of the entire galaxy. It is thus possible to link the global star formation mechanisms of the galaxy to the morphological, chemical, and kinematical properties of the recent star formation regions. In this work, the theory of the dwarf and irregular galaxies, especially regarding their properties related to the stellar formation, is explored. The characteristics of the dwarf irregular galaxy NGC 4449, the subject of this study, are detailed thereafter. Its H ii regions, regions of ionised gas associated to young stellar clusters, are then detected and statistically studied to gain more insight on the star-forming activities and the evolution of NGC 4449. This study is part of the SIGNALS large program, which aims to study the evolution of galaxies in the nearby Universe, by using data from the SITELLE instrument at the CFHT

Les temps des familles

Ce numéro explore la pluralité du temps à travers deux questions principales. Comment les temps construisent-ils les familles ? Comment les familles construisent-elles le temps ? Ses contributions y apportent des éléments de réponse en s’intéressant plus particulièrement à la socialisation temporelle des enfants, à l’articulation vie professionnelle-vie familiale ainsi qu’à la temporalité propre à la maternité et aux recompositions familiales. Quatre articles hors thème complètent ce numéro en abordant les sujets suivants: l’infidélité conjugale, les proches aidants, l’adoption par les couples homosexuels et, enfin, les néonaticides

A machine learning approach to galactic emission-line region classification

International audienceDiagnostic diagrams of emission-line ratios have been used extensively to categorize extragalactic emission regions; however, these diagnostics are occasionally at odds with each other due to differing definitions. In this work, we study the applicability of supervised machine-learning techniques to systematically classify emission-line regions from the ratios of certain emission lines. Using the Million Mexican Model database, which contains information from grids of photoionization models using cloudy, and from shock models, we develop training and test sets of emission line fluxes for three key diagnostic ratios. The sets are created for three classifications: classic H ii regions, planetary nebulae, and supernova remnants. We train a neural network to classify a region as one of the three classes defined above given three key line ratios that are present both in the SITELLE and MUSE instruments’ band-passes: [O iii]λ5007/H β, [N ii]λ6583/H α, ([S ii]λ6717+[S ii]λ6731)/H α. We also tested the impact of the addition of the [O ii]λ3726, 3729/[O iii]λ5007 line ratio when available for the classification. A maximum luminosity limit is introduced to improve the classification of the planetary nebulae. Furthermore, the network is applied to SITELLE observations of a prominent field of M33. We discuss where the network succeeds and why it fails in certain cases. Our results provide a framework for the use of machine learning as a tool for the classification of extragalactic emission regions. Further work is needed to build more comprehensive training sets and adapt the method to additional observational constraints

Rare predicted loss-of-function variants of type I IFN immunity genes are associated with life-threatening COVID-19

BackgroundWe previously reported that impaired type I IFN activity, due to inborn errors of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I interferon (IFN) immunity or to autoantibodies against type I IFN, account for 15-20% of cases of life-threatening COVID-19 in unvaccinated patients. Therefore, the determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 remain to be identified in similar to 80% of cases.MethodsWe report here a genome-wide rare variant burden association analysis in 3269 unvaccinated patients with life-threatening COVID-19, and 1373 unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals without pneumonia. Among the 928 patients tested for autoantibodies against type I IFN, a quarter (234) were positive and were excluded.ResultsNo gene reached genome-wide significance. Under a recessive model, the most significant gene with at-risk variants was TLR7, with an OR of 27.68 (95%CI 1.5-528.7, P=1.1x10(-4)) for biochemically loss-of-function (bLOF) variants. We replicated the enrichment in rare predicted LOF (pLOF) variants at 13 influenza susceptibility loci involved in TLR3-dependent type I IFN immunity (OR=3.70[95%CI 1.3-8.2], P=2.1x10(-4)). This enrichment was further strengthened by (1) adding the recently reported TYK2 and TLR7 COVID-19 loci, particularly under a recessive model (OR=19.65[95%CI 2.1-2635.4], P=3.4x10(-3)), and (2) considering as pLOF branchpoint variants with potentially strong impacts on splicing among the 15 loci (OR=4.40[9%CI 2.3-8.4], P=7.7x10(-8)). Finally, the patients with pLOF/bLOF variants at these 15 loci were significantly younger (mean age [SD]=43.3 [20.3] years) than the other patients (56.0 [17.3] years; P=1.68x10(-5)).ConclusionsRare variants of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I IFN immunity genes can underlie life-threatening COVID-19, particularly with recessive inheritance, in patients under 60 years old