Interaction between protokimberlite melts and mantle lithosphere: evidence from mantle xenoliths from the Dalnyaya kimberlite pipe, Yakutia (Russia)

The Dalnyaya kimberlite pipe (Yakutia, Russia) contains mantle peridotite xenoliths (mostly lherzolites and harzburgites) that show both sheared porphyroclastic (deformed) and coarse granular textures, together with ilmenite and clinopyroxene megacrysts. Deformed peridotites contain high-temperature Fe-rich clinopyroxenes, sometimes associated with picroilmenites, which are products of interaction of the lithospheric mantle with protokimberlite related melts. The orthopyroxene-derived geotherm for the lithospheric mantle beneath Dalnyaya is stepped similar to that beneath the Udachnaya pipe. Coarse granular xenoliths fall on a geotherm of 35 mWm-2 whereas deformed varieties yield a 45 mWm-2 geotherm in the 2–7.5 GPa pressure interval. The chemistry of the constituent minerals including garnet, olivine and clinopyroxene shows trends of increasing Fe# (= Fe/(Fe+Mg) with decreasing pressure. This may suggest that the interaction with fractionating protokimberlite melts occurred at different levels. Two major mantle lithologies are distinguished by the trace element patterns of their constituent minerals, determined by LA-ICP-MS. Orthopyroxenes, some clinopyroxenes and rare garnets are depleted in Ba, Sr, HFSE and MREE and represent relic lithospheric mantle. Re-fertilized garnet and clinopyroxene are more enriched. The distribution of trace elements between garnet and clinopyroxene shows that the garnets dissolved primary orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene. Later high temperature clinopyroxenes related to the protokimberlite melts partially dissolved these garnets. Olivines show decreases in Ni and increases in Al, Ca and Ti from Mg-rich varieties to the more Fe-rich, deformed and refertilized ones. Minerals showing higher Fe# (0.11–0.15) are found within intergrowths of low-Cr ilmenite-clinopyroxene-garnet related to the crystallization of protokimberlite melts in feeder channels. In P-f(O2) diagrams, garnets and Cr-rich clinopyroxenes indicate reduced conditions at the base of the lithosphere at -5 log units below a FMQ buffer. However, Cr-poor clinopyroxenes, together with ilmenite and some Fe-Ca-rich garnets, demonstrate a more oxidized trend in the lower part of lithosphere at -2 to 0 log units relative to FMQ. Clinopyroxenes from xenoliths in most cases show conditions transitional between those determined for garnets and megacrystalline Cr-poor suite. The relatively low diamond grade of Dalnyaya kimberlites is explained by a high degree of interaction with the oxidized protokimberlite melts, which is greater at the base of the lithosphere

Monomineral universal clinopyroxene and garnet barometers for peridotitic, eclogitic and basaltic systems

New versions of the universal Jd-Di exchange clinopyroxene barometer for peridotites, pyroxenites and eclogites, and also garnet barometer for eclogites and peridotites were developed. They were checked using large experimental data sets for eclogitic (∼530) and peridotitic systems (>650). The precision of the universal Cpx barometer for peridotites based on Jd-Di exchange is close to Cr-Tschermakite method produced by Nimis and Taylor (2000). Cpx barometer was transformed by the substitution of major multiplier for KD by the equations dependent from Al-Na-Fe. Obtained equation in combination with the thermometer of Nimis and Taylor (2000) allow to reconstruct position of the magma feeder systems of the alkali basaltic magma within the mantle diapirs in modern platforms like in Vitim plateau and other Southern Siberia localities and several localities worldwide showing good agreement of pressure ranges for black and green suites. These equations allow construct PTX diagrams for the kimberlite localities in Siberia and worldwide calculating simultaneously the PT parameters for different groups of mantle rocks. They give very good results for the concentrates from kimberlite lamproites and placers with mantle minerals. They are useful for PT estimates for diamond inclusions. The positions of eclogite groups in mantle sections are similar to those determined with new Gar–Cpx barometer produced by C. Beyer et al. (2015). The Fe rich eclogites commonly trace the boundary between the lower upper parts of subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) at 3–4 GPa marking pyroxenite eclogites layer. Ca-rich eclogites and especially grospydites in SCLM beneath Precambrian kimberlites occurs near pyroxenite layer but in younger mantle sections they became common in the lower parts. The diamondiferous Mg Cr-less group eclogites referring to the ancient island arc complexes are also common in the middle part of mantle sections and near 5–6 GPa. Commonly eclogites in lower apart of mantle sections are remelted and trace the high temperature convective branch. The Mg- and Fe-rich pyroxenites also show the extending in pressure trends which suggest the anatexic melting under the influence of volatiles or under the interaction with plums

Proposal for a PCE protocol extension considering QoT parameters to be used in inter-domain routing in GMPLS networks.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise sobre a Arquitetutra PCE (Path Computation Element), como alternativa para o roteamento inter-domínios em redes heterogêneas, ou seja, em ambientes onde ocorre a integração do domínio óptico, das redes de transporte ópticas, com o domínio eletrônico, das redes convencionais, tratando inclusive com questões de qualidade de transmissão do sinal óptico, ou QoT (Quality of Transmission). Os objetivos e o funcionamento do mecanismo do PCE em redes integradas são detalhados. São apresentados também os conceitos e definições das redes ópticas, bem como seus principais elementos, a proposta de interconexão das mesmas com as redes convencionais provendo uma rede única e integrada, o papel dos planos de controle, e os principais mecanismos de roteamento. A análise do PCE foi direcionada para o comportamento do principal protocolo utilizado na sua arquitetura, denominado PCE Protocol. De forma mais específica, foi realizada a análise de suas mensagens de requisição de rotas e das mensagens de respostas a estas requisições, e sua interferência no tráfego dos enlaces das redes onde são introduzidas. A partir daí é apresentada uma proposta de extensão de parâmetros para o protocolo PCE Protocol, com o objetivo de atender necessidades específicas de QoT, baseado em estudos das particularidades das características das transmissões ópticas. A partir destas definições, foram realizadas análises adicionais a fim de verificar o impacto com relação ao tráfego gerado em enlaces de diferentes larguras de banda, com a definição original do protocolo, e com a extensão proposta, permitindo uma comparação entre ambos.This thesis presents an analysis of Path Computation Element Architecture (PCE) as an alternative to be implemented in heterogeneous network inter-domain routing, in other words, environments where optical domains are integrated with the electronic domains of conventional networks. Also, the ability of PCE to manage issues regarding the transmission quality of the optical signal, the QoT (Quality of Transmission), is presented. Objectives and functionality of the PCE mechanism in integrated networks is detailed. Concepts and definitions regarding optical networks and their main elements, the aim of interconnection with conventional networks to build a unified and integrated network, the role of control planes, and the main routing mechanisms are also presented. The analysis of the PCE was focused on the behavior of its main protocol, called PCE Protocol. Specifically, the analysis was performed on both its request and response messages, in addition, the interference in the traffic of the links where these messages had been introduced was also analyzed. Afterwards, an extension of the PCE Protocol parameters was proposed based on the study of optical transmission characteristics, with the aim of meeting specific QoT requirements. From these definitions, further analyses of the impact on the traffic in links with different bandwidths were performed, using the PCE protocol, with and without the proposed extension, allowing a comparison between them

Breyite inclusions in diamond: experimental evidence for possible dual origin

Inclusions of breyite (previously known as walstromite-structured CaSiO3) in diamond are usually interpreted as retrogressed CaSiO3 perovskite trapped in the transition zone or the lower mantle. However, the thermodynamic stability field of breyite does not preclude its crystallization together with diamond under upper-mantle conditions (6–10&thinsp;GPa). The possibility of breyite forming in subducted sedimentary material through the reaction CaCO3 + SiO2 = CaSiO3 + C + O2 was experimentally evaluated in the CaO–SiO2–C–O2 ± H2O system at 6–10&thinsp;GPa, 900–1500&thinsp;∘C and oxygen fugacity 0.5–1.0 log units below the Fe–FeO (IW) buffer. One experimental series was conducted in the anhydrous subsystem and aimed at determining the melting temperature of the aragonite–coesite (or stishovite) assemblage. It was found that melting occurs at a lower temperature (∼1500&thinsp;∘C) than the decarbonation reaction, which indicates that breyite cannot be formed from aragonite and silica under anhydrous conditions and an oxygen fugacity above IW – 1. In the second experimental series, we investigated partial melting of an aragonite–coesite mixture under hydrous conditions at the same pressures and redox conditions. The melting temperature in the presence of water decreased strongly (to 900–1200&thinsp;∘C), and the melt had a hydrous silicate composition. The reduction of melt resulted in graphite crystallization in equilibrium with titanite-structured CaSi2O5 and breyite at ∼1000&thinsp;∘C. The maximum pressure of possible breyite formation is limited by the reaction CaSiO3 + SiO2 = CaSi2O5 at ∼8&thinsp;GPa. Based on the experimental results, it is concluded that breyite inclusions found in natural diamond may be formed from an aragonite–coesite assemblage or carbonate melt at 6–8&thinsp;GPa via reduction at high water activity.</p

Sources of ocean island magmas

On the basis of more than 500 analyses of water, K, Ti and P in fused inclusions (257 analyses) and quenching glasses (281 analyses) of basites from ocean islands and plateaus the problem of magma sources is considered, targeted at developing the generalized model of mantle plums structure

Ferropericlase - a lower mantle phase in the upper mantle

Experiments on compositions along the join MgO–NaA3+Si2O6 (A=Al, Cr, Fe3+) show that sodium can be incorporated into ferropericlase at upper mantle pressures in amounts commonly found in natural diamond inclusions. These results, combined with the observed mineral parageneses of several diamond inclusion suites, establish firmly that ferropericlase exists in the upper mantle in regions with low silica activity. Such regions may be carbonated dunite or stalled and degassed carbonatitic melts. Ferropericlase as an inclusion in diamond on its own is not indicative of a lower mantle origin or of a deep mantle plume. Coexisting phases have to be taken into consideration to decide on the depth of origin. The composition of olivine will indicate an origin from the upper mantle or border of the transition zone to the lower mantle and whether it coexisted with ferropericlase in the upper mantle or as ringwoodite. The narrow and flat three phase loop at the border transition zone—lower mantle together with hybrid peridotite plus eclogite/sediments provides an explanation for the varying and Fe-rich nature of the diamond inclusion suite from Sao Luiz, Brazil

Impact of motor task conditions on end-point kinematics and trunk movements during goal-directed arm reach

Abstract Task conditions significantly impact human motor control. We investigated how task type, difficulty, and constraints influence the kinematics of goal-directed arm reaching. Non-disabled young adults performed two distinct goal-directed arm reaching tasks: pointing and picking up an object with chopsticks. These tasks were carried out under various conditions, including constrained and unconstrained elbow extension and two different task difficulties. We collected kinematic data using a 3-D motion capture system and analyzed the effects of different task conditions on kinematic variables using linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Our findings revealed statistically significant differences in kinematics between the two tasks. Arm reaching during the picking-up task was slower and exhibited jerkier movements compared to the pointing task. Additionally, when arm reaching was performed with constrained elbow extension, it led to slower and jerkier movements, with an increased involvement of trunk movements compared to the unconstrained condition. These findings show that complex manipulative motor tasks requiring higher hand dexterity necessitate feedback-based control of arm reaching, but simple pointing tasks requiring less hand dexterity do not. In conclusion, our study sheds light on the influence of task conditions on goal-directed arm reaching kinematics and provides valuable insights into the motor control strategies involved in different tasks

Sources of ocean island magmas

On the basis of more than 500 analyses of water, K, Ti and P in fused inclusions (257 analyses) and quenching glasses (281 analyses) of basites from ocean islands and plateaus the problem of magma sources is considered, targeted at developing the generalized model of mantle plums structure