Educação, conflito e convivência democrática

Após uma caracterização sucinta da actual condição pós-moderna, serão desenvolvidas algumas questões que, pela sua relevância actual no campo da educação, merecem ser revisitadas de modo crítico, nomeadamente, e num primeiro momento, a escola, o conflito e a convivência. Num segundo momento, apontar-se-ão algumas características da escola que fazem dela uma organização com alguma perversidade, hipocrisia e irracionalidade. O último aspecto a ser tratado irá compreender a escola como organização comunicacional ou organização convivencial, onde os conceitos de disciplina, violência, conflito e convivência assumem um sentido mais profundamente democrático.After a succinct characterization of the current postmodern condition, some questions might be developed, because of its current relevance in the education field, they must to be reviewed in a critical way, namely, and firstly, the school, the conflict and the conviviality. Secondly, this article underlines some school’s characteristics that turns it into an organization with a little perversity, hypocrisy and irrationality. The last aspect to be treated is the understanding of the school as a communicative or convivial organization, in which the concepts of discipline, violence, conflict and conviviality assume a more democratic orientation.Enseguida a una caracterización sucinta de la actual condición pos-moderna, serán desarrolladas algunas cuestiones que, por su relevancia actual en el campo de la educación, merecen ser visitadas de modo crítico, nombradamente, y en primero momento, la escuela, el conflicto y la convivencia. En segundo momento, se apuntarán algunas características de la escuela que la hacen una organización con alguna perversidad, hipocresía e irracionalidad. El último aspecto a ser tratado irá comprender la escuela como organización de comunicación u organización de convivencia, donde los conceptos de disciplina, violencia, conflicto e convivencia asumen un sentido más profundamente democrático.(undefined

Currículo de la pre secundaria en Timor Oriental y su articulación con la secundaria general

Problemas herdados nas últimas décadas conduziram Timor-Leste a reestruturar os currículos do ensino pré-secundário – EPS – e do secundário geral – ESG.1 Atendendo à importância de uma adequada articulação vertical ao longo dos ciclos de escolaridade e diante do cumprimento de uma primeira edição completa do EPS, importa estudar se tal currículo está alinhado com o do ESG, em particular no que respeita às Ciências e Tecnologia. Este artigo centra-se na análise do currículo do EPS e na avaliação da sua articulação com o do ESG. Não obstante existam décalages entre o currículo prescrito, o implementado e o apropriado, é relevante haver sintonia no nível dos currículos para uma educação e formação de boa qualidade, fundamentais à consecução dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milénio.Problems inherited from the last decades have led Timor-Leste to restructure its pre-secondary – EPS – and general secondary – ESG – curricula. Considering the importance of an adequate vertical articulation throughout the schooling cycles and before the conclusion of the first complete edition of the EPS, it is necessary to study if such a curriculum is aligned with the one of the ESG, in particular with regard to Science and Technology. This article focuses on the analysis of the EPS curriculum and the evaluation of its articulation with the one of ESG. Notwithstanding the décalages among the prescribed, the implemented and the appropriate curricula, it is relevant to have a fine-tuning at this level to ensure good quality education and training, essential to achieve the millennium development goals.Des problèmes hérités des dernières décennies ont conduit le Timor-Oriental à restructurer ses programmes d’enseignement présecondaire – EPS –, ainsi que ceux de l’enseignement secondaire général – ESG. Compte tenu de l’importance d’une bonne articulation verticale tout au long des cycles scolaires etvu qu’une première édition complète de l’EPS a déjà été mise en place, il est important de vérifier si ce programme s’aligne bien à celui de l’ESG, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les Sciences et la Technologie. Cet article se concentre sur l’analyse du programme de l’EPS et sur l’évaluation de son articulation avec celui de l’ESG. Nonobstant certains décalages entre le programme prescrit, celui qui a été mis en œuvre et celui qui est approprié, il est nécessaire que les programmes soient en phase pour atteindre une éducation et une formation de qualité, fondamentales pour la réalisation des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement.Problemas heredados en las últimas décadas hicieron que Timor Oriental reestructurase los currículos de la educación pre secundaria – EPS – y de la secundaria general – ESG. En función de la importancia de una adecuada articulación vertical a lo largo de los ciclos de escolaridad y frente al cumplimiento de una primera edición completa do EPS, importa estudiar si tal currículo está alineado con el del ESG, en particular en lo que concierne a las Ciencias y Tecnología. Este artículo se centra en el análisis del currículo del EPS y en la evaluación de su articulación con el del ESG. No obstante la existencia de décalages entre el currículo prescrito, el implementado y el apropiado, es relevante que haya sintonía a nivel de los currículos para una educación y formación de calidad, fundamentales para la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio

Deep-sequencing reveals broad subtype-specific HCV resistance mutations associated with treatment failure

A percentage of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients fail direct acting antiviral (DAA)-based treatment regimens, often because of drug resistance-associated substitutions (RAS). The aim of this study was to characterize the resistance profile of a large cohort of patients failing DAA-based treatments, and investigate the relationship between HCV subtype and failure, as an aid to optimizing management of these patients. A new, standardized HCV-RAS testing protocol based on deep sequencing was designed and applied to 220 previously subtyped samples from patients failing DAA treatment, collected in 39 Spanish hospitals. The majority had received DAA-based interferon (IFN) a-free regimens; 79% had failed sofosbuvir-containing therapy. Genomic regions encoding the nonstructural protein (NS) 3, NS5A, and NS5B (DAA target regions) were analyzed using subtype-specific primers. Viral subtype distribution was as follows: genotype (G) 1, 62.7%; G3a, 21.4%; G4d, 12.3%; G2, 1.8%; and mixed infections 1.8%. Overall, 88.6% of patients carried at least 1 RAS, and 19% carried RAS at frequencies below 20% in the mutant spectrum. There were no differences in RAS selection between treatments with and without ribavirin. Regardless of the treatment received, each HCV subtype showed specific types of RAS. Of note, no RAS were detected in the target proteins of 18.6% of patients failing treatment, and 30.4% of patients had RAS in proteins that were not targets of the inhibitors they received. HCV patients failing DAA therapy showed a high diversity of RAS. Ribavirin use did not influence the type or number of RAS at failure. The subtype-specific pattern of RAS emergence underscores the importance of accurate HCV subtyping. The frequency of “extra-target” RAS suggests the need for RAS screening in all three DAA target regions