Gender differences and the timing of first marriages

In this article we provide a simple model of the marriage market where singles search for spouses. In our model economy men and women live for many years and they differ in their survival probabilities, in their fecundity, and in their earnings. We show that modelling the marriage decision in a very simple model economy is sufficient to account for much of the observed marriage behavior in the United States in the year 2000. We conclude that gender differences in fecundity are all important in accounting for marriage behavior, and that differences in earnings matter little. We also conclude that, even though they are in short supply, the market power of fecund women is not enough for them to demand compensation in all cases. And that studying the marriage decision without modelling explicitly the roles played by age and by fecundity, as has been typically done by the previous literature, makes little sense

Gender Differences and the Timing of First Marriages

We study the steady state of an overlapping generations economy where singles search for spouses. In our model economy men and women live for many years and they differ in their fecundity, in their earnings, and in their survival probabilities. These three features are age-dependent and deterministic. Singles meet at random. They propose when the expected value of their current match exceeds that of remaining single. If both partners propose, the meeting ends up in a marriage. Marriages last until death does them apart, widows and widowers never remarry, and people make no other economic decisions whatsoever. In our model economy people marry because they value companionship, bearing children, and sharing their income with their spouses. The matching function depends on the single sex-ratios which are endogenous. Our model economy has only two free parameters: the search friction and the utility share of bearing children. We choose their values to match the median ages of first-time brides and grooms. We show that modeling the marriage decision in this simple way is sufficient to account for the age distributions of ever and never married men and women, for the probabilities of marrying a younger bride and a younger groom, and for the age distributions of first births observed in the United States in the year 2000. The previous literature on this topic claims that marriage is a waiting game in which women are choosier than men, and old and rich pretenders outbid the young and poor ones in their competition for fecund women. In this article we tell a different story. We show that their shorter biological clocks make women uniformly less choosy than men of the same age. This turns marriage into a rushing game in which women are willing to marry older men because delaying marriage is too costly for women. Our theory predicts that most of the gender age difference at first marriage will persist even if the gender wage-gap disappears. It also predicts that the advances in the reproductive technologies will play a large role in reducing the age difference at first marriage.marriage, search, sex ratio

Supervisión y control de calidad de producción láctea

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo exponer las tareas realizadas como Supervisión y Control de Calidad de Producción Láctea, mostrar de qué manera están vinculadas con los distintos contenidos teórico–prácticos brindados en la carrera de Ingeniería Agronómica.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Supervisión y control de calidad de producción láctea

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo exponer las tareas realizadas como Supervisión y Control de Calidad de Producción Láctea, mostrar de qué manera están vinculadas con los distintos contenidos teórico–prácticos brindados en la carrera de Ingeniería Agronómica.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Value Analysis Model to Support the Building Design Process

[EN] The architecture, engineering, and construction industry requires methods that link the capture of customer requirements with the continuous measurement of the value generated and the identification of value losses in the design process. A value analysis model (VAM) is proposed to measure the value creation expected by customers and to identify value losses through indexes. As points of reference, the model takes the Kano model and target costing, which is used in the building project design process. The VAM was developed under the design science research methodology, which focuses on solving practical problems by producing outputs by iteration. The resulting VAM allowed the measurement and analysis of value through desired, potential, and generated value indexes, value loss identification, and percentages of value fulfillment concerning the design stage. The VAM permits the comparison of different projects, visualization of the evolution of value generation, and identification of value losses to be eradicated. The VAM encourages constant feedback and has potential to deliver higher value, as it enables the determination of parameters that add value for different stakeholders and informs designers where to direct resources and efforts to enhance vital variables and not trivial variablesThis research was funded by CONICYT grant number PCHA/National Doctorate/2016-21160571 for the postgraduate studies of Zulay Giménez and by FONDECYT (1181648).Giménez, Z.; Mourgues, C.; Alarcón, LF.; Mesa, H.; Pellicer, E. (2020). Value Analysis Model to Support the Building Design Process. Sustainability. 12(10):1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104224S1241210Gunby, M., Damnjanovic, I., Anderson, S., Joyce, J., & Nuccio, J. (2013). Identifying, Communicating, and Responding to Project Value Interests. 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American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 07(07), 910-918. doi:10.4236/ajibm.2017.77064Rachwan, R., Abotaleb, I., & Elgazouli, M. (2016). The Influence of Value Engineering and Sustainability Considerations on the Project Value. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 34, 431-438. doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2016.04.038Eskerod, P., & Ang, K. (2017). Stakeholder Value Constructs in Megaprojects: A Long-Term Assessment Case Study. Project Management Journal, 48(6), 60-75. doi:10.1177/875697281704800606Bolar, A. A., Tesfamariam, S., & Sadiq, R. (2017). Framework for prioritizing infrastructure user expectations using Quality Function Deployment (QFD). International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 6(1), 16-29. doi:10.1016/j.ijsbe.2017.02.002Gallarza, M. G., Arteaga-Moreno, F., Servera-Francés, D., & Fayos-Gardó, T. (2016). Participar como voluntario en eventos especiales: comparación entre el valor esperado y percibido. 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Intellectual Economics, 10(1), 63-69. doi:10.1016/j.intele.2016.06.003Westcott, M., Sato, S., Mrazek, D., Wallace, R., Vanka, S., Bilson, C., & Hardin, D. (2013). The DMI Design Value Scorecard: A New Design Measurement and Management Model. Design Management Review, 24(4), 10-16. doi:10.1111/drev.10257Heikkilä, V. T., Paasivaara, M., Lasssenius, C., Damian, D., & Engblom, C. (2017). Managing the requirements flow from strategy to release in large-scale agile development: a case study at Ericsson. Empirical Software Engineering, 22(6), 2892-2936. doi:10.1007/s10664-016-9491-zFARÍAS, P., & FISTROVIC, B. (2016). LAS PREFERENCIAS DEL CONSUMIDOR USANDO EL MÉTODO DE MÁXIMAS DIFERENCIAS. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 56(2), 138-151. doi:10.1590/s0034-759020160202Amini, P., Falk, B., & Schmitt, R. (2016). A Framework for Value-optimized Design of Product Features. Procedia CIRP, 57, 386-391. doi:10.1016/j.procir.2016.11.067Menezes, A. C., Cripps, A., Bouchlaghem, D., & Buswell, R. 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Structural, Thermal, and Magnetic Study of Solvation Processes in Spin-Crossover [Fe(bpp)2][Cr(L)(ox)2]2·nH2O Complexes

The influence of lattice water in the magnetic properties of spin-crossover [Fe(bpp)2]X2‚nH2O salts [bpp ) 2,6- bis(pyrazol3-yl)pyridine] is well-documented. In most cases, it stabilizes the low-spin state compared to the anhydrous compound. In other cases, it is rather the contrary. Unraveling this mystery implies the study of the microscopic changes that accompany the loss of water. This might be difficult from an experimental point of view. Our strategy is to focus on some salts that undergo a nonreversible dehydration-hydration process without loss of crystallinity. By comparison of the structural and magnetic properties of original and rehydrated samples, several rules concerning the role of water at the microscopic level can be deduced. This paper reports on the crystal structure, thermal studies, and magnetic properties of [Fe(bpp)2][Cr(bpy)(ox)2]2‚2H2O (1), [Fe(bpp)2][Cr(phen)(ox)2]2‚0.5H2O‚0.5MeOH (2), and [Fe(bpp)2][Cr(phen)(ox)2]2‚5.5H2O‚2.5MeOH (3). Salt 1 contains both high-spin (HS) and low-spin (LS) Fe2+ cations in a 1:1 ratio. Dehydration yields the anhydrous spin-crossover compound with T1/2V ) 353 K and T1/2v ) 369 K. Rehydration affords the dihydrate [Fe(bpp)2][Cr(bpy)(ox)2]2‚2H2O (1r) with 100% HS Fe2+ sites. Salt 2 also contains both HS and LS Fe2+ cations in a 1:1 ratio. Dehydration yields the anhydrous spin-crossover compound with T1/2V ) 343 K and T1/2v ) 348 K. Rehydration affords [Fe(bpp)2][Cr(phen)(ox)2]2‚0.5H2O (2r) with 72% Fe2+ sites in the LS configuration. The structural, magnetic, and thermal properties of these rehydrated compounds 1r and 2r are also discussed. Finally, 1 has been dehydrated and resolvated with MeOH to give [Fe(bpp)2][Cr(bpy)(ox)2]2‚MeOH (1s) with 33% HS Fe2+ sites. The influence of the guest solvent in the Fe2+ spin state can anticipate the future applications of these compounds in solvent sensinThis work was financially supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Grant MAT2004-3849) and Generalitat Valenciana.S

Cooperación descentralizada pública: introducción, enfoques y ámbitos de actuación

Programes com Demuca i Municipia han permès a Diputacions i Ajuntaments acumular una rica experiència en l'àmbit de la Cooperació Internacional i destacar el potencial que aquests tenen com a agents de primer ordre en matèria de cooperació per al desenvolupament. Per això és cada vegada més necessària la formació dels professionals de les diverses administracions públiques i augmentar els seus coneixements especialitzats en la preparació i posada en marxa de projectes que contribuïsquen a la millora de la qualitat del sistema de cooperació

Design of Bistable Gold@Spin‐Crossover Core-Shell Nanoparticles Showing Large Electrical Responses for the Spin Switching

A simple chemical protocol to prepare core-shell gold@spin-crossover (Au@SCO) nanoparticles (NPs) based on the 1D spin-crossover [Fe(Htrz)2(trz)](BF4) coordination polymer is reported. The synthesis relies on a two-step approach consisting of a partial surface ligand substitution of the citrate-stabilized Au NPs followed by the controlled growth of a very thin layer of the SCO polymer. As a result, colloidally stable core@ shell spherical NPs with a Au core of ca. 12 nm and a thin SCO shell 4 nm thick, are obtained, exhibiting a narrow distribution in sizes. Differential scanning calorimetry proves that a cooperative spin transition in the range 340-360 K is maintained in these Au@SCO NPs, in full agreement with the values reported for pristine 4 nm SCO NPs. Temperature-dependent chargetransport measurements of an electrical device based on assemblies of these Au@SCO NPs also support this spin transition. Thus, a large change in conductance upon spin state switching, as compared with other memory devices based on the pristine SCO NPs, is detected. This results in a large improvement in the sensitivity of the device to the spin transition, with values for the ON/OFF ratio which are an order of magnitude better than the best ones obtained in previous SCO devices