Exploring the mechanisms of resistance to Teladorsagia circumcincta infection in sheep through transcriptome analysis of abomasal mucosa and abomasal lymph nodes

8 p.The present study exploited the RNA-seq technology to analyze the transcriptome of target tissues affected by the Teladorsagia circumcincta infection in two groups of adult ewes showing different statuses against gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection with the aim of identifying genes linked to GIN infection resistance in sheep. For this, based on the accumulated faecal egg count of 18 adult Churra ewes subjected to a first experimental infection with T. circumcincta, six ewes were classified as resistant and six others as susceptible to the infection. These 12 animals were dewormed and infected again. After humanitarian sacrifice of these 12 animals at day 7 post-infection, RNA samples were obtained from abomasal mucosa and lymph node tissues and RNA-Seq datasets were generated using an Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencer. The distribution of the genes based on their expression level were very similar among the two different tissues and conditions. The differential expression analysis performed with two software (DESeq and EdgeR) only identified common differentially expressed genes (DEGs), a total of 106, in the lymph node samples which were considered as GIN-activated. The enrichment analysis performed for these GIN-activated genes identified some pathways related to cytokine-mediated immune response and the PPARG signaling pathway as well as disease terms related to inflammation and gastro-intestinal diseases as enriched. A systematic comparison with the results of previous studies confirmed the involvement of genes such as ITLN2, CLAC1 and galectins, in the immune mechanism activated against T. circumcincta in resistant sheep. Financiado por la Junta de Castilla y León (Conserjería de Educación) y Fondo Social Europeo (Ref. LE248U14). Ejecución: Universidad de León. Dpto. Producción Animal. Investigador Principal: Dr. Beatriz Gutierrez GilS

Variant discovery in genes identified as differentially expressed genes between the abomasal lymph node transcriptome of resistant and susceptible adult sheep to teladorsagia circumcincta infection

Gastrointestinal nematode infections are one of the major health issues facing grazing sheep populations and it incurs on major economic losses for sheep breeders. The resistance/susceptibility trait appears to be a highly complex trait (Behnke et al. 2003; Dominik 2005). In sheep resistance to nematode infection shows a moderate level of heritability (range 0.3-0.6) (Stear et al. 2001). Several QTL mapping studies have tried to identify genomic regions and mutations that influence resistance to nematode infection (Atlija et al. 2016; Coltman et al. 2001; Gutiérrez-Gil et al. 2009; Sayers et al. 2005), although the detection of causal mutations for this trait is still a challenge for the research community. The recently available RNA-seq technology provides the opportunity to extract highthroughput transcriptome data from a specific tissue to perform gene quantification, differential gene expression and detection of variants (SNPs and indels), which could be assessed as potential causal mutations (Hudson, Dalrymple, and Reverter 2012). A previous study of our research group has identified a list of 106 differential expression genes (DEGs) based on RNA-Seq dataset obtained from the abomasal lymph nodes of 12 adult sheep, previously classified as resistant or susceptible to GIN infection based on an artificial infection with T. circumcincta larvae Chitneedi et al. (2018). In the present study we present a detailed study of the variants mapping within the list of DEGs previously reported in that study. Thus, the present study provides a list of functionally relevant variants that could underlie the genetic control of resistance/susceptibility to T. circumcincta in adult sheep. Financiado por la Junta de Castilla y León (Conserjería de Educación) y Fondo Social Europeo (Ref. LE248U14). Ejecución: Universidad de León. Dpto. Producción Animal. Investigador Principal: Dr. Beatriz Gutierrez Gi

LA DOMESTICACIÓN DE PLANTAS EN MÉXICO: COMPARACIÓN DE LA FORMA CULTIVADA Y SILVESTRE DE BYRSONIMA CRASSIFOLIA (MALPIGHIACEAE)

Domesticated plants show characteristicsknown as domestication syndrome, whichenables better utilization of the plants byhumans. Plant domestication has been studied mainly in herbaceous annuals. In thiswork, samples of Byrsonima crassifoliatrees–changunga, the wild form, and nanche,the cultivated form–were taken from theregion of Uruapan, Mexico. The objective ofthis work was to identify genetic differencesby AFLP molecular markers between thesetwo forms. Analysis showed that both wild and cultivated forms of B. crassifolia aregenetically very close to each other. Fruitcharacteristics of human-interest were compared, and some differences were foundbetween the two forms, e.g., in pH, sweetness, mineral content and size. The AFLPanalysis groups together the two forms ofthe tree with a high degree of similarity.The fruits are distinguished phenotypicallyfrom one another, but not at the molecularlevel. Selection pressure to supply themarket may threaten the diversity present inthese populations of plants, which could bea model for the screening of genes involvedin traits such as sweetness and fruit size inaddition to the process of domesticationitself. It is recommended that collections bemade for germoplasm gene banks and alsothat in situ conservation be promoted.Las plantas domesticadas presentan unaserie de características conocidas comosíndrome de domesticación. Esto permiteun mejor aprovechamiento de las mismaspor parte de los humanos y ha sido estudiadaprincipalmente en plantas anuales herbá-ceas. En este trabajo se hizo un muestreo deárboles silvestres (changunga) y cultivados(nanche) de Byrsonima crassifolia en laregión de Uruapan, México. El objetivo fuebuscar diferencias genéticas mediante marcadores moleculares por medio de la técnicade AFLP entre las dos formas de la especie,encontrándose que tanto los silvestres comolos cultivados están genéticamente muycercanos entre sí. También se compararoncaracterísticas de los frutos como pH, dulzorde los frutos, tamaño y contenido mineralencontrándose diferencias en las tres primeras. El análisis de AFLP’s agrupa juntosa las dos formas del árbol con alto gradode similitud. Fenotípicamente los frutos sedistinguen entre sí, pero no a nivel molecular. La presión de selección para surtir almercado puede poner en riesgo la diversidadpresente en estas poblaciones que se proponepodrían ser un modelo para la búsqueda degenes que intervienen en característicascomo dulzor y tamaño de fruto además delproceso de domesticación en sí mismo. Serecomienda hacer colectas para los bancosde germoplasma además de tratar de promover la conservación in situ

Estudio preliminar del transcriptoma de la mucosa abomasal de ovejas clasificadas como resistentes y susceptibles según la respuesta a una infección experimental con teladorsagia circumcincta

Este proyecto trata de estudiar el transcriptoma de los tejidos de mayor importancia durante la respuesta inmune de ovejas adultas ante la infección por nematodos gastrointestinales, la mucosa abomasal y los ganglios abomasales. El transcriptoma es el conjunto completo de todos los transcritos (regiones del DNA que pasan a RNA mensajero, o mRNA) de una célula, y su cuantificación en un momento fisiológico específico. La identificación de genes diferencialmente expresados en los tejidos afectados por la infección entre ovejas susceptibles y resistentes es un primer paso para la identificación de genes y rutas génicas involucradas en la resistencia/susceptibilidad a este tipo de infecciones. Esta comunicación es el resultado de la investigación dentro del Proyecto: “Análisis del transcriptoma de la mucosa y los ganglios abomasales para la identificación de genes involucrados en la resistencia a los nematodos gastrointestinales en ovejas adultas”. Financiado por la Junta de Castilla y León (Conserjería de Educación) y Fondo Social Europeo (Ref. LE248U14). Ejecución: Universidad de León. Dpto. Producción Animal. Investigador Principal: Dr. Beatriz Gutierrez Gi

Incidence of Diabetes in the Working Population in Spain: Results from the ICARIA Cohort

INTRODUCTION: Our objective was to evaluate the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a working population in Spain and to assess associations between its development and several risk factors. METHODS: The ICARIA (Ibermutuamur CArdiovascular RIsk Assessment) cohort (n = 627,523) includes ~3% of Spanish workers. This analysis was undertaken in individuals whose glycaemic status during the index period (May 2004-December 2007) was determined to be normal or indicative of prediabetes [fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 100-125 mg/dl] and who had at least one FPG measurement taken 9 months after a first measurement during follow-up (May 2004-June 2014) (n = 380,366). T2DM patients were defined as those with an FPG ? 126 mg/day and those who had already been diagnosed with T2DM or were taking antihyperglycaemic medications. RESULTS: The incidence rate of T2DM was 5.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.9-5.1] cases per 1000 person-years. Under multivariate logistic regression analysis, the factor showing the strongest association with the occurrence of T2DM was the baseline FPG level, with the likelihood of T2DM almost doubling for every 5 mg/dl increase in baseline FPG between 100 and < 126 mg/dl. The presence of other cardiometabolic risk factors and being a blue-collar worker were also significantly associated with the occurrence of T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of T2DM in the working population was within the range encountered in the general population and prediabetes was found to be the strongest risk factor for the development of diabetes. The workplace is an appropriate and feasible setting for the assessment of easily measurable risk factors, such as the presence of prediabetes and other cardiometabolic factors, to facilitate the early detection of individuals at higher risk of diabetes and the implementation of diabetes prevention programmes

SIM Regional Supplementary Comparison : SIM.L-S6. Calibration of gauge blocks by mechanical comparison

This supplementary comparison concerns the calibration of gauge blocks by mechanical comparison, which is a technique of paramount importance as it is at the highest level in the traceability chain of length for most countries of the American Continent. This comparison is designed to support the submitted CMC claims of these countries. The measurand is the central length of several gauge blocks as defined in ISO 3650 and the circulated gauge blocks were used for two comparisons carried out in two stages: the first stage, SIM.L-K1:2007, Calibration of gauge blocks by optical interferometry (2007–2010); the gauge blocks were also measured by mechanical comparison for those NMI also participating in SIM.L-S6:2007; the second stage, SIM.L-S6:2007, Calibration of gauge blocks by mechanical comparison (2010–2011) for the participants that measured only by mechanical comparison. In this second comparison there were 16 participants, 14 from the Americas, and 2 invited NMIs from other regions. The circulation in the second stage had 10 participants.Fil: Viliesid, Miguel. Centro Nacional de Metrología (CENAM); MéxicoFil: Colín Castellanos, Carlos. Centro Nacional de Metrología (CENAM); MéxicoFil: Chávez, T. Centro Nacional de Metrología (CENAM); MéxicoFil: Chaudhary, K. P. National Physical Laboratory (NPL); IndiaFil: Dvořáček, Frantisek. Czech Metrology Institute (CMI); República ChecaFil: Stoup, John. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); Estados UnidosFil: Santos Barros, Wellington. Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMetro); BrasilFil: Vaudagna, Leandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial (INTI); ArgentinaFil: Morales, Roberto. Laboratorio Nacional de Longitud (DICTUC); ChileFil: Acquarone, Alejandro. Laboratorio Tecnológico del Uruguay (LATU); UruguayFil: Carrasco, J. Servicio Nacional de Metrología (INDECOPI); PerúFil: Vega, M. Instituto Boliviano de Metrología (IBMetro); BoliviaFil: Salazar, M. Instituto Ecuatoriano de Normalización (INEN); EcuadorFil: Gil, V. Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio (SIC); ColombiaFil: Dimas, J. Centro Nacional de Metrología de Panamá (CENAMEP); PanamáFil: Reyes, E. Laboratorio Costarricense de Metrología (LACOMET); Costa RicaFil: Hamilton, F. Trinidad and Tobago Bureau of Standards (TTBS); Trinidad y TobagoFil: Reddock, T. Trinidad and Tobago Bureau of Standards (TTBS); Trinidad y TobagoFil: Durga, S. Bureau of Standards Jamaica (BSJ); JamaicaFil: Burton, T. Bureau of Standards Jamaica (BSJ); Jamaic

Production of fructooligosaccharides and b-fructofuranosidase by batch and repeated batch fermentation with immobilized cells of Penicillium expansum

The production of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and b-fructofuranosidase (FFase) by immobilized cells of Penicillium expansum was evaluated. In an initial stage, different low-cost materials including synthetic fiber, polyurethane foam, stainless steel sponge, loofah sponge, and cork oak were tested as carrier for the fungus immobilization. Additionally, the influence of the inoculum age (1 or 3 weeks) on cells immobilization, FOS and FFase production was also verified. Synthetic fiber and polyurethane foam were the best materials for P. expansum immobilization (2.21 and 1.98 g/g carrier, respectively) and FOS production (120.3 and 104.8 g/l), and gave also high results of FFase activity (23.01 and 32.42 U/ml). Then, the production of FOS and FFase by repeated batch fermentation with P. expansum immobilized on synthetic fiber was studied, aiming to improve the batch fermentation results. The results obtained in this stage were very promising with FOS yields of 87, 72, and 44 %, in the 3 initial cycles (60 h), respectively; the FFase activity was constant throughout the process (6 cycles, 96 h). Repeated batch fermentation with immobilized cells of P. expansum was found as being a technology with great potential for FOS and FFase production on industrial scaleThe financial support from FCT, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (research grant SFRH/BPD/38212/2007) is gratefully acknowledged

Associations between eating speed, diet quality, adiposity, and cardiometabolic risk factors

Objective: To assess the associations between eating speed, adiposity, cardiometabolic risk factors, and diet quality in a cohort of Spanish preschool-children. Study design: A cross-sectional study in 1371 preschool age children (49% girls; mean age, 4.8 ± 1.0 years) from the Childhood Obesity Risk Assessment Longitudinal Study (CORALS) cohort was conducted. After exclusions, 956 participants were included in the analyses. The eating speed was estimated by summing the total minutes used in each of the 3 main meals and then categorized into slow, moderate, or fast. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were fitted to assess the β-coefficient, or OR and 95% CI, between eating speed and body mass index, waist circumference, fat mass index (FMI), blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and lipid profile. Results: Compared with participants in the slow-eating category, those in the fast-eating category had a higher prevalence risk of overweight/obesity (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.8-4.4; P < .01); larger waist circumference (β, 2.6 cm; 95% CI, 1.5-3.8 cm); and greater FMI (β, 0.3 kg/m2; 95% CI, 0.1-0.5 kg/m2), systolic blood pressure (β, 2.8 mmHg; 95% CI, 0.6-4.9 mmHg), and fasting plasma glucose levels (β, 2.7 mg/dL, 95% CI, 1.2-4.2 mg/dL) but lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet (β, −0.5 points; 95% CI, −0.9 to −0.1 points). Conclusions: Eating fast is associated with higher adiposity, certain cardiometabolic risk factors, and lower adherence to a Mediterranean diet. Further long-term and interventional studies are warranted to confirm these associations