Locally Inertial Reference Frames in Lorentzian and Riemann-Cartan Spacetimes

In this paper we scrutinize the concept of locally inertial reference frames (LIRF) in Lorentzian and Riemann-Cartan spacetime structures. We present rigorous mathematical definitions for those objects, something that needs preliminary a clear mathematical distinction between the concepts of observers, reference frames, naturally adapted coordinate functions to a given reference frame and which properties may characterize an inertial reference frame (if any) in the Lorentzian and Riemann-Cartan structures. We hope to have clarified some eventual obscure issues associated to the concept of LIRF appearing in the literature, in particular the relationship between LIRFs in Lorentzian and Riemann-Cartan spacetimes and Einstein's most happy though, i.e., the equivalence principle.Comment: In this version a new reference has been added, some misprints and typos have been corrected and some few sentences in two remarks and in the conclusions have been changed for better intelligibilit

INSTITUIÇÕES ESPORTIVAS, ÁRBITROS E REGRAS DO FUTEBOL: TRANSFORMAÇÕES, PROCESSOS E DISPUTAS

Resumo: O futebol moderno tem suas origens na Inglaterra, dentro de um processo de esportivização de jogos e práticas populares na qual as public schools tiveram um papel de grande relevância. O final do século XIX e no início século XX marcam um período de padronização, regulamentação e institucionalização do futebol moderno. O presente ensaio, tem por objetivo discutir como o desenvolvimento do futebol, baseado em processos de burocratização, institucionalização e profissionalização foi gradativamente se distanciando do seu caráter original, o qual estava vinculado à cultura presente nas public schools inglesas. Neste sentido, a criação e padronização das regras e sua aplicação de forma imparcial tem papel central e constituem-se como um dos pilares do esporte moderno. Por fim, fazemos alguns apontamentos destacando o caráter interpretativo e subjetivo das regras e seus possíveis impactos nos estilos e formas de jogar.Palavras-Chave: futebol; instituições; regras; árbitros. Sporting Institutions, Referees and Soccer Rules:Transformations, Processes and Disputes Abstract: Modern football has its origins in England, within a process of sportivization of popular games and practices in which public schools played a very important role. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century marked a period of standardization, regulation and institutionalization of modern football. This essay aims to discuss how the development of football, based on processes of bureaucratization, institutionalization and professionalization, gradually distanced itself from its original character, which was linked to the culture present in English public schools. In this sense, the creation and standardization of rules and their impartial application play a central role and constitute one of the pillars of modern sport. At the end of the text, we make some notes highlighting the interpretative and subjective character of the rules and their possible impacts on styles and ways of playing.Key Words: football; institutions; rules; referees. Las Instituciones Deportivas, Los Árbitros Y Las Reglas Del Fútbol:  Tranformaciones, Procesos Y Disputas Resumen: El fútbol moderno tiene sus orígenes en Inglaterra, dentro de un proceso de deportivización de los juegos y prácticas populares en el que las escuelas públicas desempeñaron un papel muy importante. El final del siglo XIX y el principio del siglo XX marcaron un periodo de normalización, regulación e institucionalización del fútbol moderno. Este ensayo pretende discutir cómo el desarrollo del fútbol, basado en procesos de burocratización, institucionalización y profesionalización, se fue alejando de su carácter original, ligado a la cultura presente en las escuelas públicas inglesas. En este sentido, la creación y estandarización de reglas y su aplicación imparcial desempeñan un papel central y constituyen uno de los pilares del deporte moderno. Al final del texto, hacemos algunas notas destacando el carácter interpretativo y subjetivo de las reglas y sus posibles impactos en los estilos y formas de jugar.Palabras Clave: fútbol; instituciones; reglas; árbitros

Top-down estimates of global CO sources using MOPITT measurements

We present a synthesis inversion of CO emissions from various geographical regions and for various source categories for the year 2000 using CO retrievals from the MOPITT (Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere) instrument. We find a large discrepancy between our top‐down estimates and recent bottom‐up estimates of CO emissions from fossil fuel/biofuel (FFBF) use in Asia. A key conclusion of this study is that CO emissions in East Asia (EAS) are about a factor of 1.8–2 higher than recent bottom‐up estimates

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of piratoxin III, a D-49 phospholipase A(2) from the venom of Bothrops pirajai

Piratoxin III (PrTX-III) is a phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2), E.C. 3.1.1.4, phosphatide sn-2 acylhydrolase) isolated from Bothrops pirajai. Crystals of PrTX-III were obtained using the vapour-diffusion technique and X-ray diffraction data have been collected to 2.7 A resolution. The enzyme was crystallized in the space group C2 with unit-cell parameters a = 60.88, b = 100.75, c= 48.19 Angstrom, beta = 123.89 degrees. Angstrom molecular-replacement solution of the structure has been found using bothropstoxin I from the venom of B. jararacussu as a search model.5561229123

Top-down estimates of global CO sources using MOPITT measurements

We present a synthesis inversion of CO emissions from various geographical regions and for various source categories for the year 2000 using CO retrievals from the MOPITT (Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere) instrument. We find a large discrepancy between our top‐down estimates and recent bottom‐up estimates of CO emissions from fossil fuel/biofuel (FFBF) use in Asia. A key conclusion of this study is that CO emissions in East Asia (EAS) are about a factor of 1.8–2 higher than recent bottom‐up estimates

MRPS18CP2 alleles and DEFA3 absence as putative chromosome 8p23.1 modifiers of hearing loss due to mtDNA mutation A1555G in the 12S rRNA gene

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations account for at least 5% of cases of postlingual, nonsyndromic hearing impairment. Among them, mutation A1555G is frequently found associated with aminoglycoside-induced and/or nonsyndromic hearing loss in families presenting with extremely variable clinical phenotypes. Biochemical and genetic data have suggested that nuclear background is the main factor involved in modulating the phenotypic expression of mutation A1555G. However, although a major nuclear modifying locus was located on chromosome 8p23.1 and regardless intensive screening of the region, the gene involved has not been identified.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>With the aim to gain insights into the factors that determine the phenotypic expression of A1555G mutation, we have analysed in detail different genetic and genomic elements on 8p23.1 region (<it>DEFA3 </it>gene absence, <it>CLDN23 </it>gene and <it>MRPS18CP2 </it>pseudogene) in a group of 213 A1555G carriers.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Family based association studies identified a positive association for a polymorphism on <it>MRPS18CP2 </it>and an overrepresentation of <it>DEFA3 </it>gene absence in the deaf group of A1555G carriers.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Although none of the factors analysed seem to have a major contribution to the phenotype, our findings provide further evidences of the involvement of 8p23.1 region as a modifying locus for A1555G 12S rRNA gene mutation.</p

Enhanced genetic maps from family-based disease studies: population-specific comparisons

Abstract Background Accurate genetic maps are required for successful and efficient linkage mapping of disease genes. However, most available genome-wide genetic maps were built using only small collections of pedigrees, and therefore have large sampling errors. A large set of genetic studies genotyped by the NHLBI Mammalian Genotyping Service (MGS) provide appropriate data for generating more accurate maps. Results We collected a large sample of uncleaned genotype data for 461 markers generated by the MGS using the Weber screening sets 9 and 10. This collection includes genotypes for over 4,400 pedigrees containing over 17,000 genotyped individuals from different populations. We identified and cleaned numerous relationship and genotyping errors, as well as verified the marker orders. We used this dataset to test for population-specific genetic maps, and to re-estimate the genetic map distances with greater precision; standard errors for all intervals are provided. The map-interval sizes from the European (or European descent), Chinese, and Hispanic samples are in quite good agreement with each other. We found one map interval on chromosome 8p with a statistically significant size difference between the European and Chinese samples, and several map intervals with significant size differences between the African American and Chinese samples. When comparing Palauan with European samples, a statistically significant difference was detected at the telomeric region of chromosome 11p. Several significant differences were also identified between populations in chromosomal and genome lengths. Conclusions Our new population-specific screening set maps can be used to improve the accuracy of disease-mapping studies. As a result of the large sample size, the average length of the 95% confidence interval (CI) for a 10 cM map interval is only 2.4 cM, which is considerably smaller than on previously published maps.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/112826/1/12881_2010_Article_748.pd