Concurrent malakoplakia of cervical lymph nodes and prostatic adenocarcinoma with bony metasta-sis: case report

An unusual case of malakoplakia of the cervical lymph nodes in a patient with bony metastasis from prostrate cancer is reported. An 80-year-old patient with metastatic prostatic cancer presented with bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy, and a hard cervical mass in the left supraclavicular re-gion. Biopsy of the lymph gland revealed the pres-ence of malakoplakia, with no evidence of metas-tatic prostatic carcinoma. Though co-existence of malakoplakia and adenocarcinoma within the pros-trate gland has been reported before, this case is unique, as it highlights the rare occurrence of malakoplakia involving distant nodes in a patient with bony metastatic prostate cancer. This report reflects the fact that things are not always what they seem in medicine, and not infrequently we come across a different pathology which mimics another

Indeksikaalid ja karakteri nihkumise teooria

Kaplan’s (1989) theory provides rules, called characters, which determine the reference of indexicals "I", "here" and "now". Speaker intentions do not play a role in this and indexical reference is a matter of convention. Answering machines have posed a threat to this semantic account of indexicals. Several accounts have since been offered to resolve this while retaining the intention-free aspect of the theory. One recent response is Michaelson’s (2013) character shifting theory where the character of an indexical expression is sensitive to the medium of communication. The theory assigns a fixed rule for each indexical which changes depending on the communication channel while remaining fixed for within the channel. This rule is a formalization of convention that we arguably observe with respect to indexical usage in this channel. My thesis shows that his theory fails in giving us the correct truth conditions of indexicals when it comes to postcard communication. I also show that a fixed rule cannot be assigned to certain kinds of communication channels, such as internet and video communication because of the manner in which they function. I construct plausible examples to show this and consider possible ways Michaelson (2013) can defend his theory against these examples

Introduction: Urban revolutions in the age of global urbanism

This special issue, papers presented at an Urban Studies Foundation-funded conference in Jakarta (March 2011), examines the current ‘urban century’ in terms of three revolutions. Revolutions from above index the logics and norms of mainstream global urbanism, particularly the form they have taken as policymakers work with municipal officials worldwide to organise urban development around neoliberal norms. Revolutions from below refer to the multifaceted contestations of global urbanism that take place in and around cities, ranging from urban street demonstrations and occupations (such as those riveting the world in early 2011 when these papers were written) to the quotidian actions of those pursuing politics and livelihoods that subvert the norms of mainstream global urbanism. It also highlights conceptual revolutions, referencing the ongoing challenge of reconceptualising urban theory from the South – not simply as a hemispheric location or geopolitical category but an epistemological stance, staged from many different locations but always fraught with the differentials of power and the weight of historical geographies. Drawing on the insights of scholars writing from, and not just about, such locations, a further iteration in this ‘southern’ turn of urban theorising is proposed. This spatio-temporal conjunctural approach emphasises how the specificity of cities – their existence as entities that are at once singular and universal – emerges from spatio-temporal dynamics, connectivities and horizontal and vertical relations. Practically, such scholarship entails taking the field seriously through collaborative work that is multi-sited, engages people along the spectrum of academics and activists, and is presented before and scrutinised by multiple publics

An Investigation into the Bill Part of Healthcare Professional in Clinical Health during COVID-19 Lockdown

In December 2019, a new coronavirus outbreak was recorded in Wuhan, China. This has expanded across the world to date, posing a host of major obstacles for healthcare professionals. They have been on the front lines of the epidemic reaction, and as a result, they are vulnerable to a variety of risks, including a significant risk of complications. Long and erratic duty periods in a highly restricted setting will lead to elevated anxiety levels and, eventually, burnout. HCWs can experience fear, hyperarousal, sleep disruption, unwanted recollections and memories, distress, and sadness as a result of seeing physical pain and mortality of patients with an immediate threat to one's protection. They will experience several external stress factors in the coming weeks and months. It is critical that concerted attempts are taken to reduce the pandemic's effects. To plan for a pandemic or some other public health crisis, psychological assistance, encouragement, and coordination are necessary. Pandemic readiness is a scarce financial and technological capability in developing countries. They still encounter several special and complex challenges, making pandemic preparedness much more challenging. This article discusses the problems posed by HCWs in developed countries during pandemics such as Covid-19, and also the steps required to protect workplace protection and psychological fellow human

The epidemiology of Leishmania donovani infection in high transmission foci in India.

OBJECTIVE: Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is highly prevalent in Bihar, India. India and its neighbours aim at eliminating VL, but several knowledge gaps in the epidemiology of VL may hamper that effort. The prevalence of asymptomatic infections with Leishmania donovani and their role in transmission dynamics are not well understood. We report data from a sero-survey in Bihar. METHODS: Demographic and immunological surveys were carried out in July and November 2006, respectively in 16 highly VL endemic foci in Muzaffarpur district in Bihar. Household and individual information was gathered and capillary blood samples were collected on filter papers. Direct agglutination test (DAT) was used to determine infected individuals (cut-off titre 1:1600). DAT results were tabulated against individual and household variables. A multivariate generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to study the prevalence of serologically positive individuals taking into account the clustering at household and cluster levels. RESULTS: Of study subjects 18% were DAT positive, and this proportion increased with age. Women had a significantly lower prevalence than men >14 years old. Owning domestic animals (cows, buffaloes or goats) was associated with a higher risk of being DAT positive [OR 1.16 (95% CI 1.01-1.32)], but socio-economic status was not. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of leishmanial antibodies was high in these communities, but variable. Demographic factors (i.e. marriage) may explain the lower DAT positivity in women >14 years of age. Within these homogeneously poor communities, socio-economic status was not linked to L. donovani infection risk at the individual level, but ownership of domestic animals was

Pitfalls in Building and HVAC Audits

The purpose of an energy audit is to identify and analyze areas of energy consumption and to propose methods of conservation. In the process of completing an audit the following areas of consumption should be considered: 0 Building Envelope 0 Air-Handling Systems 0 Chilled Water Systems 0 Boiler Systems 0 Lighting/Electrical Systems Within these areas many potential conservation opportunities can be developed. Quite often opportunities are proposed without thorough analysis and as a result, they do not produce the desired results. When this happens, it is generally due to "pitfalls" or idiosyncrasies of the opportunity that were not considered in proposing the project. The purpose of this paper is to point out some common pitfalls in each of the above areas and to propose some possible alternatives