High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy of manganese oxides: application to Mn3O4 nanoparticles

Manganese oxides particularly Mn3O4 Hausmannite are currently used in many industrial applications such as catalysis, magnetism, electrochemistry or air contamination. The downsizing of the particle size of such material permits an improvement of its intrinsic properties and a consequent increase in its performances compared to a classical micron-sized material. Here, we report a novel synthesis of hydrophilic nano-sized Mn3O4, a bivalent oxide, for which a precise characterization is necessary and for which the determination of the valency proves to be essential. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and particularly High Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS) allow us to perform these measurements on the nanometer scale. Well crystallized 10–20 nm sized Mn3O4 particles with sphere-shaped morphology were thus successfully synthesized. Meticulous EELS investigations allowed the determination of a Mn3+/Mn2+ ratio of 1.5, i.e. slightly lower than the theoretical value of 2 for the bulk Hausmannite manganese oxide. This result emphasizes the presence of vacancies on the tetrahedral sites in the structure of the as-synthesized nanomaterial

Broomrape weeds. Underground mechanisms of parasitism and associated strategies for their control: a review

SPE & AgrosupPôle GESTADBroomrapes are plant-parasitic weeds which constitute one of the most difficult-to-control of all biotic constraints that affect crops in Mediterranean, central and eastern Europe, and Asia. Due to their physical and metabolic overlap with the crop, their underground parasitism, their achlorophyllous nature, and hardly destructible seed bank, broomrape weeds are usually not controlled by management strategies designed for non-parasitic weeds. Instead, broomrape are in a current state of intensification and spread due to lack of broomrape-specific control programs, unconscious introduction to new areas and may be decline of herbicide use and global warming to a lesser degree. We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control strategies. The points of vulnerability of some underground events, key for their parasitism such as crop-induced germination or haustorial development are reviewed as inhibition targets of the broomrape-crop association. Among the reviewed strategies are those aimed 1) to reduce broomrape seed bank viability, such as fumigation, herbigation, solarization and use of broomrape-specific pathogens; 2) diversion strategies to reduce the broomrape ability to timely detect the host such as those based on promotion of suicidal germination, on introduction of allelochemical interference, or on down-regulating host exudation of germination-inducing factors; 3) strategies to inhibit the capacity of the broomrape seedling to penetrate the crop and connect with the vascular system, such as biotic or abiotic inhibition of broomrape radicle growth, crop resistance to broomrape penetration either natural, genetically engineered or elicited by biotic- or abiotic-resistance-inducing agents and 4) strategies acting once broomrape seedling has bridged its vascular system with that of the host, aimed to impede or to endure the parasitic sink such as those based on the delivery of herbicides via haustoria, use of resistant and tolerant varieties or implementation of cultural practices improving crop competitivenes

Microvascularisation d'un substitut cutané reconstruit par génie tissulaire : mise au point et application à la recherche clinique et fondamentale

Le réseau vasculaire est composé non seulement des vaisseaux sanguins mais aussi des vaisseaux lymphatiques. Les premiers assurent l'approvisionnement des cellules en nutriments et oxygène et la récolte de leurs déchets métaboliques tandis que les seconds collectent les fluides, macromolécules et cellules immunitaires extravasés dans les tissus interstitiels pour les ramener à la circulation sanguine. Au cours de ces travaux de recherche, nous avons mis au point un substitut cutané reconstruit par génie tissulaire, contenant un réseau sanguin fonctionnel, exempt de toute matière exogène et potentiellement autologue. Ses applications cliniques sont particulièrement prometteuses puisque l'une des raisons majeures d'échec des greffes de peau sur les patients grands brûlés par exemple est la nécrose du greffon. Au cours d'une étude in vivo, nous avons démontré que le réseau contenu dans notre substitut cutané est fonctionnel, s'inoscule en moins de quatre jours avec le réseau vasculaire de l'hôte et qu'il apporte un avantage à la néovascularisation par rapport à un substitut non microvascularisé. Un substitut cutané microvascularisé tumoral a ensuite été développé pour étudier la biologie du mélanome. Notre modèle est particulièrement pertinent et complet pour ce type d'étude puisque les cellules cancéreuses interagissent avec les trois principaux types cellulaires du derme et de l'épidémie et évoluent au sein d'une matrice extracellulaire sécrétée par ces cellules. Ainsi, il a été vérifié que les cellules cancéreuses conservent le même type de comportement, tant au niveau du potentiel invasif que du potentiel pro-angiogénique, dans notre modèle tridimensionnel de peau qu'/« situ chez les patients. Les capillaires lymphatiques fournissent une voie privilégiée pour le processus métastatique de cancers comme les mélanomes, c'est pourquoi nous travaillons à ajouter un réseau lymphatique à notre substitut cutané microvascularisé. Jusque là, nous avons démontré que les cellules endothéliales lymphatiques s'organisent spontanément en réseau dans un substitut 3D de tissu conjonctif

Je tremble et Cercles/Fictions : l’utopie théâtrale de Joël Pommerat, une politique de l’imaginaire

Les deux derniers spectacles de Joël Pommerat, dont la signification apparaît au premier abord énigmatique, sont susceptibles d’une lecture politique. Une telle lecture, qui permettrait d’en dégager le caractère utopique, n’est cependant possible qu’à condition de comprendre le rapport spécifique du réel et de l’imaginaire qu’ils mettent en œuvre. Ce rapport complexe se révèle en effet plus fécond que leur opposition franche mise en avant par Sartre à travers sa théorie de la liberté et de l’imaginaire, laquelle, en dépit de sa clarté apparente, débouche en réalité sur des contradictions insurmontables. Par contraste, l’art théâtral de Pommerat révèle à l’analyse une proximité avec les réflexions de Foucault sur la fiction et les « hétérotopies ». Le théâtre, pour Pommerat, se dévoile alors, non tant comme un moyen au service d’une fin politique, que comme une modalité même de la politique, pourvu qu’on envisage celle-ci, par-delà les jugements et les prises de position qui la mettent en œuvre, comme une interrogation partagée sur une commune présence au monde

Anticancer properties of chitosan on human melanoma are cell line dependent

Purpose: Chitosan, a natural macromolecule, is widely used in medical and pharmaceutical fields because of its distinctive properties such as bactericide, fungicide and above all its antitumor effects. Although its antitumor activity against different types of cancer had been previously described, its mechanism of action was not fully understood. Materials and methods: Coating of chitosan has been used in cell cultures with A375, SKMEL28, and RPMI7951 cell lines. Adherence, proliferation and apoptosis were investigated. Results: Our results revealed that whereas chitosan decreased adhesion of primary melanoma A375 cell line and decreased proliferation of primary melanoma SKMEL28 cell line, it had potent pro-apoptotic effects against RPMI7951, a metastatic melanoma cell line. In these latter cells, inhibition of specific caspases confirmed that apoptosis was effected through the mitochondrial pathway and Western blot analyses showed that chitosan induced an up regulation of pro-apoptotic molecules such as Bax and a down regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. More interestingly, chitosan exposure induced an exposition of a greater number of CD95 receptor at RPMI7951 surface, making them more susceptible to FasL-induced apoptosis. Conclusion: Our results indicate that chitosan could be a promising agent for further evaluations in antitumor treatments targeting melanoma

Metformin-associated lactic acidosis in an intensive care unit

International audienceIntroduction Metformin-associated lactic acidosis (MALA) is aclassic side effect of metformin and is known to be a severedisease with a high mortality rate. The treatment of MALA withdialysis is controversial and is the subject of many case reportsin the literature. We aimed to assess the prevalence of MALA ina 16-bed, university-affiliated, intensive care unit (ICU), and theeffect of dialysis on patient outcome.Methods Over a five-year period, we retrospectively identifiedall patients who were either admitted to the ICU with metforminas a usual medication, or who attempted suicide by metforminingestion. Within this population, we selected patientspresenting with lactic acidosis, thus defining MALA, anddescribed their clinical and biological features.Results MALA accounted for 0.84% of all admissions duringthe study period (30 MALA admissions over five years) and wasassociated with a 30% mortality rate. The only factorsassociated with a fatal outcome were the reason for admissionin the ICU and the initial prothrombin time. Although patientswho went on to haemodialysis had higher illness severity scores,as compared with those who were not dialysed, the mortalityrates were similar between the two groups (31.3% versus28.6%).Conclusions MALA can be encountered in the ICU severaltimes a year and still remains a life-threatening condition.Treatment is restricted mostly to supportive measures, althoughhaemodialysis may possess a protective effect