Coastal fisheries management issues and opportunities

Management of the industrial trawl fishery largely depends on the management of the artisanal fishing gears which restrict greatly the recruitment of the penaeid shrimps in the trawl fishery as adults. Trawlers harvest the spawners in peak spawning season, which greatly reduces in turn the chances of an enhanced stock in off-shore water. Since the exploitation of the penaeid shrimp stock is a multigear function, the cumulative affect were considered and in various ways it has been discussed that the same stock can provide a few times higher production if managed scientifically. Marine artisanal fisheries have so far been allowed to develop irrationally and as a result many of the fish and shrimp stocks have declined. One single stock of fish or shrimp is harvested by a number of fisheries at different stages of life cycle. Hence overfishing in one fishery has affected the others. Here the Push net fishery for tiger shrimp PL and the ESBN and Beach seine fisheries for juveniles have been identified as the destructive fishing methods. These fisheries restrict recruitment in the industrial fishery and hence results in over all lower catch rate and production. These fisheries need to be stopped. But since 55,000 full time fishermen are engaged in ESBN fishery, rehabilitation of them would be necessary before withdrawal. So main research and management thrust need to put on the artisanal fisheries sector. Since coastal shrimp culture industry is solely dependent on the push net fishery, rapid hatchery development is suggested. Meanwhile diversified technique for selective PL. Collection and reduction of induced mortality is proposed for research and extension. Further expansion of the coastal shrimp culture is not recommendable on the basis of natural seed supply. Trammel fishery has been proved to be bio-socio-economically most suitable fishing gear and if expansion & extension takes place vertically and horizontally it can be used as a major source of rehabilitation and also to enhance additional but sustainable production. Amendment of the rules under the Marine Fisheries Ordinance 1983 is required on the basis of present knowledge about the dynamics of the fisheries. DOF Marine Fisheries Survey & Management Unit need to be strengthened as to the manpower and facilities, to be able to independently handle the task of achieving information for management and advise the govt. of measures for rational management on a continued basis. Functions of different ministries, agencies and institutions in fisheries management and development have been reviewed and the need for strengthening of the marine sector have been identified including creation of a separate directorate for marine fisheries. To integrate and control all activities in the coastal areas, creation of Coastal Zone Management Authority has been proposed

Compared the effect of indirect ELISA and serum plate agglutination (SPA) test for the detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chicken

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a highly economical and persistent threat of poultry industry in Bangladesh. Indirect ELISA (iELISA) and Serum plate agglutination test (SPA) is available serological test for diagnosis of MG antibodies. The aim of this research was conducted on the basis of comparison on diagnosis results between iELISA and SPA test for MG antibody in same sample in layer chicken. Total 563 serum samples were collected and tested for MG antibody by both iELISA and SPA test. Out of 563 samples 363 (64.48%) samples were positive by iELISA and 316 (56.13%) samples were positive in SPA test. The higher incidence of MG antibody was found in chicken at 50-56 weeks and flock size was 3000-4200 as 69.63% by iELISA and 61.21% by SPA and in Sonali breeds 69.08% by iELISA and 60.64% by SPA. The results showed the comparatively higher number of positive results in iELISA test than SPA test. So the findings of the study demonstrated that a significant (p<0.05) difference between iELISA and SPA test present. The study may helpful for screening the flock for MG and small-holding farmers may use SPA test rather than iELISA test due to rapid, easy and cost effective

Surveillance of avian influenza virus type A in semi-scavenging ducks in Bangladesh

BACKGROUND: Ducks are the natural reservoir of influenza A virus and the central host for highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1), while domestic ducks rearing in semi-scavenging system could serve as re-assortment vessels for re-emerging new subtypes of influenza viruses between birds to human. Avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance in Bangladesh has been passive, relying on poultry farmers to report suspected outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza. Here, the results of an active surveillance effort focusing on the semi-scavenging ducks are presented. RESULT: A total of 2100 cloacal swabs and 2100 sera were collected from semi-scavenging ducks from three wintering-sites of Bangladesh during three successive winter seasons, December through February in the years between 2009 and 2012. Virus isolation and identification were carried out from the cloacal swabs by virus propagation in embryonated hen eggs followed by amplification of viral RNA using Avian influenza virus (AIV) specific RT-PCR. The overall prevalence of avian influenza type A was 22.05% for swab samples and 39.76% ducks were sero-positive for avian influenza type A antibody. Extremely low sero-prevalence (0.09%) of AIV H5N1 was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our surveillance results, we conclude that semi-scavenging ducks in Bangladesh might play important role in transmitting Avian Influenza virus (AIV) type A. However, the current risk of infection for humans from domestic ducks in Bangladesh is negligible. We believe that this relatively large dataset over three winters in Bangladesh might create a strong foundation for future studies of AIV prevalence, evolution, and ecology in wintering sites around the globe

Prevalence of avian influenza A(H5) and A(H9) in live bird markets in Bangladesh

We conducted a cross-sectional study in live bird markets (LBMs) in Dhaka and Chittagong, Bangladesh, to estimate the prevalence of avian influenza A(H5) and A(H9) viruses in different types of poultry and environmental areas by using Bayesian hierarchical logistic regression models. We detected these viruses in nearly all LBMs. Prevalence of A(H5) virus was higher in waterfowl than in chickens, whereas prevalence of A(H9) virus was higher in chickens than in waterfowl and, among chicken types, in industrial broilers than in cross-breeds and indigenous breeds. LBMs with >1 wholesaler were more frequently contaminated by A(H5) virus than retail-only LBMs. Prevalence of A(H9) virus in poultry and level of environmental contamination were also higher in LBMs with >1 wholesaler. We found a high level of circulation of both avian influenza viruses in surveyed LBMs. Prevalence was influenced by type of poultry, environmental site, and trading patterns because our study included previously collected data

Detection of emerging novel sublineage Ind2001BD1 and lineage PanAsia of Foot-and mouth disease virus serotype O in cattle in Manikgonj district of Bangladesh, 2018

Background: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic disease of clove hoofed animals in Bangladesh and multiple outbreaks occurred every year caused by FMD virus (FMDV). Aim: The aim of the present investigation was to molecular characterization of VP1 coding region of FMDV serotype O outbreak in cattle. Methods: A total of 4 tongue epithelial specimens were collected from clinically FMD positive cattle during June 2018 in Manikgonj district of Bangladesh. Results: All four isolates were recorded positive for FMDV serotype O. The phylogenetic analysis showed that two isolates were clustered within an emerging novel sublineage Ind2001BD1 under lineage Ind2001 of FMDV serotype O, which was identified during 2012-2016 in Bangladesh. One isolate was clustered within lineage PanAsia of FMDV serotype O and closely related with isolate identified in Nepal in 2009. The phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that all four isolates belong to the Middle East–South Asia (ME–SA) topotype. Conclusion: Therefore, multiple lineages of FMDV serotype O are circulating in cattle in the outbreak area that makes it more complex for the FMD control program in Bangladesh. A comprehensive study on the genetic characteristics of FMDV over the country is required for effective FMD prevention and control strategy

Impact of global climate change on livestock health: Bangladesh perspective

The global carbon emission rate, due to energy-driven consumption of fossil fuels and anthropogenic activities, is higher than at any point in mankind history, disrupting the global carbon cycle and contributing to a major cause of warming of the planet with air and ocean temperatures is rising dangerously over the last century. Climate change presents challenges both direct and indirect for livestock production and health. With more frequent extreme weather events including increased temperatures, livestock health is greatly affected by resulting heat stress, metabolic disorder, oxidative stress and immune suppression resulting in an increased propensity for disease incidence and death. Indirect health effects relate to multiplication and distribution of parasites, reproduction, virulence and transmission of infectious pathogens and/or their vectors. Managing the growing crossbreeding livestock industry in Bangladesh is also at the coalface for the emerging impacts of climate change, with unknown consequences for the incidence of emerging and re-emerging diseases. Bangladesh is now one of the most vulnerable nations to global climate change. The livestock sector is considered a major part of food security for Bangladesh, alongside agriculture, and with one of the world’s largest growing economies the impacts are exaggerated with this disaster. There has been no direct study conducted on the impact of climate change on livestock health and the diseases in Bangladesh. This review looks to explore the linkage between climate change and livestock health and providing some guidelines to combat the impact on livestock from the Bangladesh perspective

Recommendations on successful quarantine of pure exotic sheep breed at Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute in Bangladesh

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the newly arrived pure breed sheep considering antibody against some diseases and immunization of the animal against endemic diseases of hosting area according to species. Materials and methods: A total of 42 pure exotic breed of sheep, originated from Australia namely Parendale (n=14), Suffolk (n=13) and Dorper (n=15), imported by the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) were used in this study. Before shifting the animals to sheep farm, 1-month quarantine was done in an isolated shed by following step by step technique; first week was used for close observation, second week for immunization of animal against endemic diseases, third week for monitoring and observation against immunization, and the fourth week was used for determination of animal health status and immunity level. On day 1 and 2, the sheep remained at full rest along with supplied habituated feed, saline and drinking water. On day 3, fecal sample was collected from all animals to measure parasitic load. On day 4, blood and oculo-nasal discharge samples were collected to detect blood protozoa, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), foot and mouth disease (FMD) and other infectious zoonotic diseases like anthrax, brucellosis and tuberculosis. In the second week, immunization was done against PPR, FMD and hemorrhagic septisemia (HS) at two days interval. Farm biosecurity and biosafety for the workers and officers was maintained according to standard guideline. In the third week, the animals continued to be under close observation. On day 29, the antibody level produced due to vaccination was measured. Results: Parasitic load was found to be very low, and blood protozoa, PPR, FMD, anthrax, brucellosis and tuberculosis were negative. The antibody titer was detected at the acceptable level in sheep on day 29. The quarantine committee decided that the sheep were ready to transfer to the farm along with some recommendations. After completion of 1-month quarantine period, all sheep could not transmit any diseases in Bangladesh. Conclusion: Quarantine is mandatory for entering any new animal in a new area that gives the outline of different new diseases. It also acts as radar of exotic disease in a country. So, this quarantine technique serves the purpose for livestock owners effectively. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(1.000): 67-72

Prevalence and molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from chicken in Bangladesh

Aim: The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) as well as virus isolation, identification, and molecular characterization of various strains circulating in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 371 swabs and organ samples were collected from four types of chicken including layer, Sonali (local), broiler, and broiler breeder under eight districts (Rangpur, Bogura, Tangail, Dhaka, Gazipur, Mymensingh, Jamalpur, and Cumilla) during 2014-2016 in Bangladesh. Results: Out of 371 samples, 65 samples were positive in reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for molecular identification of IBV. The overall prevalence was 17.52% recorded and among the selected types of chicken, the highest prevalence of IBV was found in layer that was 42.22% followed by 17.24% in Sonali, 14.93% in broiler breeder, and lowest prevalence was 11.94% in broiler chicken, respectively. Moreover, the prevalence of IBV was recorded highest in aged chicken at 41-60 weeks, which was 54.55% in layer, 27.27% in Sonali, and, afterward, 14.68% was found in broiler breeder, respectively. Frequency of IBV more frequently in winter (22.67%) followed by rainy (15.87%) and summer season (11.58%). The highest prevalence of IBV was found Tangail district (41.67%) followed by Mymensingh (24.42%), Gazipur (19.32%), Dhaka (15.38%), Jamalpur (16.67%), Bogura (13.68%), Cumilla (5.88%), and Rangpur (9.26%), respectively. Samples that were found high positive in IBV RT-PCR (Ct value below 30) were subjected to inoculation into chicken egg embryo to observe characteristic changes in chicken embryo. Swabs and organ samples were processed and passaged in 9-day-old embryonated chicken eggs through allantoic cavity route. IBV virus suspected samples inoculated into chicken egg embryos after 3-5 passages showed dwarfing and curling of the embryos which are characteristic lesions of IBV. Allantoic fluid was collected from all inoculated eggs and performed partial sequencing of S1 gene for three isolates. After sequencing, the phylogenetic tree was constructed from the nucleotide sequences of IBV isolates. Two of the isolates are 4/91 IBV and another one matched with QX-like IBV. Conclusion: The results revealed that the three isolates from different places in Bangladesh were identified for the 1st time as which will help for IBV control strategy

Prevalence and identification of subclinical mastitis in cows at BLRI Regional Station, Sirajganj, Bangladesh

Objective: The study was conducted to assess the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows at Baghabari milk shed area of Sirajganj and Pabna districts in Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 300 milk samples were collected from crossbred dairy cows, and the milk samples were subjected for using California Mastitis Test (CMT). Besides, data related to farm management were taken from 60 farmers through direct interviews. The CMT was compared with White Slide Test (WST) and Surf Field Mastitis Test (SFMT). The samples showing strong positive reaction to mastitis by CMT were used for the isolation of associated bacteria using conventional bacteriological examinations and biochemical properties. The isolated bacteria were subjected for antibiogram studies by disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 300 samples, 153 (51%) revealed positive reactions denoting that the cows were suffering from subclinical mastitis. Of the 153 samples, 39(13%) were trace-positive, 56(18.56%) were weak-positive, 33(11%) were distinct-positive, and the rest 25(8.3%) samples were strongly positive. In comparison economically among CMT, WST and SFMT, SFMT was found to be the cheapest and easiest. In this study, the cows were mostly infected with mixed infection with Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and some cows had single bacterial infection. It was observed that most of the microorganisms were sensitive to Gentamycin, Amoxicillin and Ceftriaxone, and were resistant to Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin and Colistin sulphate. Conclusion: Overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis in the crossbred dairy cows at Sirajganj and Pabna district is 51%. It indicates that subclinical mastitis is a major threat for dairy industry in the studied areas. Early detection and appropriate preventive measures are suggestive to successful control of the disease. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(3.000): 295-300

Synthesis of substituted and unsubstituted 5-(1,3-diaryl-1-oxopropyl)pyrimidine

122-125Reactions of 1,3-diaryl-2-propene-1-ones 2a-i give the corres¬ponding 5-(1,3-diaryl-1-oxopropyl)pyrimidine-(1H,3H,5H)-2,4,6-triones 3a-i with barbituric acid 1 under refluxing condition without using any catalyst