A “promessa da diferença” dos supermercados cooperativos: tornar acessíveis os produtos de qualidade através de cadeias alimentares sustentáveis e democráticas?

In recent years, collaborative and participatory supermarkets are spreading all over Europe, especially in France, as a new purchase model. This article aims to analyse the “promise of difference” (LE VELLY, 2017) that distinguishes this model from the current food offer. This promise is assessed both through the analysis of those projects in terms of products selection, work organisation and decision making, and through the implementation of concrete regulation activities. The methodological tools we used were content analysis of speeches, documents and on-line newpapers communication, as well as participant observation. The main results show that these models emerge as an alternative to the current food offer, both conventional supermarkets and alternative food networks. The study contributes to demonstrate that these cooperative supermarkets are shaped taking into account economic (reasonable price of products, reduction of fixed costs), social (accessibility, creation of a space to exchange and share, participation to the decision making) and environmental (local and organic products) issues. They inspire on conventional devices in terms of accessibility (low prices, long opening hours) and variety of products range. However, they distinguish themselves, in the first place, for being non-profit organisations, reinvesting the profits into the cooperative itself or into solidarity projects, but also by actively involving consumers in decision-making.En los últimos años, los supermercados colaborativos y participativos se están extendiendo por toda Europa, especialmente en Francia, como un nuevo modelo de compra. Este artículo pretende analizar la “promesa de diferencia" (LE VELLY, 2017) que distingue este modelo de la oferta actual de alimentos. Esta promesa se evalúa a través del análisis de esos proyectos en términos de selección de productos, organización del trabajo y toma de decisiones, y mediante la implementación de actividades de regulación concretas. La metodología se basa en el análisis de contenido de discursos, documentos y comunicaciones en los periódicos en linea, así como en la observación participante. Los principales resultados muestran que estos modelos surgen como alternativas, tanto a los supermercados convencionales como a las redes alimentarias alternativas. El estudio contribuye a demostrar que estas cooperativas se configuran teniendo en cuenta los aspectos económicos (precio razonable de los productos, reducción de los costos fijos), sociales (accesibilidad, creación de espacio para intercambiar y compartir, participación en la toma de decisiones) y ambientales (productos locales y/o biológicos). Se inspiran en los supermercados convencionales en términos de accesibilidad (precios bajos, horarios de apertura prolongados) y variedad de productos. Sin embargo, se distinguen por ser organizaciones sin fines de lucro, reinvirtiendo los lucros en la misma cooperativa o en proyectos solidarios, e por involucrar activamente a los consumidores en la toma de decisiones.Nos últimos anos, os supermercados cooperativos e participativos estão se espalhando por toda Europa, especialmente na França, como um novo modelo de compra. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a “promessa de diferença" (LE VELLY, 2017) que distingue esse modelo da atual oferta de alimentos. Esta promessa é avaliada tanto através da análise desses projetos em termos de seleção de produtos, organização do trabalho e tomada de decisões, como através da implementação de atividades de regulação concretas. A metodologia baseia-se na análise de conteúdo de discursos, documentos e comunicação em jornais on-line, assim como em observação participante. Os principais resultados mostram que esses modelos emergem como uma alternativa, tanto aos supermercados convencionais quanto às redes alternativas. O estudo contribui para demonstrar que essas cooperativas se estruturam levando em conta os aspectos: econômicos (preço razoável dos produtos, redução dos custos fixos), sociais (acessibilidade, criação de espaços de troca e compartilhamento, participação na tomada de decisões) e ambientais (produtos locais e/ou orgânicos). Inspiram-se nos modelos dos supermercados convencionais em termos de acessibilidade (preços baixos, horários de funcionamento prolongados) e variedade de produtos. Porém, distinguem-se primeiramente por serem organizações sem fins lucrativos, reinvestindo o lucro na própria cooperativa ou em projetos solidários, além de envolverem ativamente os consumidores na tomada de decisões

Gli strumenti di pianificazione territoriale in relazione alla funzionalità dell’agricoltura periurbana

Nel contesto periurbano la funzione di protezione degli spazi verdi è data dalla presenza dell’attività agricola, da un lato l’unica attività economica in grado di governare e proteggere il paesaggio, dall’altro funzione pressoché ignorata, non riconosciuta dalle politiche di pianificazione territoriale. Da qui la necessità che l’agricoltura assuma una posizione centrale nel governo del territorio, recuperando il ruolo funzionale che le compete relativamente alla sfera produttiva, alla difesa dell’ambiente e alla tutela e alla valorizzazione del paesaggio. Il lavoro prende in esame gli strumenti di pianificazione territoriale provinciale e regionale di due regioni italiane caratterizzate da vasti spazi agricoli e contemporaneamente da aree metropolitane importanti: la Lombardia con Milano e il Lazio con Roma, mettendo in evidenza il ritratto dell’agricoltura periurbana che ne emerge e proponendo una riflessione sull’integrazione della funzionalità agricola all’interno dei piani.Le propos de cet article est de montrer que dans certains contextes, périurbain par exemple, la présence de l'agriculture doit être garantie à travers la tutelle du foncier agricole mais aussi à travers la préservation de la fonctionnalité de l’activité économique, aspect presque ignoré des politiques. D'où la nécessité pour l'agriculture d’assumer une position centrale dans l’aménagement du territoire, en récupérant le rôle fonctionnel par rapport à la sphère productive, à la protection de l'environnement, à la protection et à l'amélioration du paysage. Pour arriver à évaluer le niveau de prise en compte de l’agriculture périurbaine dans les documents de planification, nous avons choisi de comparer la réalité des zones périurbaines des deux municipalités italiennes qui ont la plus grande étendue de zones agricoles : Rome et Milan. Les documents de planification territoriale au niveau de la région (Lombardie et Lazio) et au niveau de la province (Milan et Rome) ont été analysés.The paper focuses on the integration of periurban agriculture issues into territorial planning, as such integration appears to be largely insufficient at present considering the importance role recognized to periurban areas. The paper analyses the urban-planning instruments of two Italian regions (Lombardy and Lazio), characterized by wide agricultural areas and important metropolitan areas, as Milan in Lombardy and Rome in Lazio, highlighting the “image” of periurban agriculture, which emerges from these plans. The aim is to propose a reflection on the integration of agricultural functionality in the planning tools. In some contexts, as the periurban ones, the protection of green spaces is carried on by the permanence of farming, the only economic activity that could take care of the landscape; instead, often this function is not recognized by the urban policy. Hence the need to recognized a central role to agriculture in the land management recovering the functional role relating to the productive, social, environment conservation and protection and development of the agrarian landscape spheres

A vida cotidiana das hortas comunitárias: casos de Rennes (França) e São Paulo (Brasil)

This article discusses the daily life of community vegetable gardens in the cities of Rennes (France) and São Paulo (Brazil). Acknowledging the different socio-spatial contexts, it does not intend to establish comparisons, but to expose the ideas and practices of the urban gardeners in each location, revealing their own dynamics and experiences, which are, in turn, found in the materialization of alternatives to urban life. Horticultural practices based on collective work and engagement, point to the possibilities of direct citizen participation in the transformation of the contemporary city, reactivating community links, bonds of affection and socio-spatial proximity, in addition to establishing new ways of relating to the government.Este artigo aborda a vida cotidiana de hortas comunitárias nas cidades de Rennes (França) e de São Paulo (Brasil). Reconhecendo-se os diferentes contextos socioespaciais, não se almeja estabelecer uma comparação, mas expor os discursos e as práticas dos hortelões urbanos de cada localidade, revelando suas dinâmicas e experiências próprias, que se encontram, por sua vez, na materialização de alternativas ao urbano. As práticas hortícolas, pautadas pelo trabalho e pelo engajamento coletivo, adentram as possibilidades de participação direta dos cidadãos para a transformação da cidade contemporânea, reativando os vínculos comunitários, os laços de afetividade e de proximidade socioespaciais, além de estabelecerem novos modos de se relacionar com o poder público

A vida cotidiana das hortas comunitárias: casos de Rennes (França) e São Paulo (Brasil)

RESUMO Este artigo aborda a vida cotidiana de hortas comunitárias nas cidades de Rennes (França) e de São Paulo (Brasil). Reconhecendo-se os diferentes contextos socioespaciais, não se almeja estabelecer uma comparação, mas expor os discursos e as práticas dos hortelões urbanos de cada localidade, revelando suas dinâmicas e experiências próprias, que se encontram, por sua vez, na materialização de alternativas ao urbano. As práticas hortícolas, pautadas pelo trabalho e pelo engajamento coletivo, adentram as possibilidades de participação direta dos cidadãos para a transformação da cidade contemporânea, reativando os vínculos comunitários, os laços de afetividade e de proximidade socioespaciais, além de estabelecerem novos modos de se relacionar com o poder público

Vers une construction collaborative de l’agriculture en ville

Cet article entend contribuer au débat sur la place de l’agriculture en ville et il interroge l’évolution des formes d’agriculture urbaine (AU) puis ses modes d’appropriation par les citadins. En particulier il investigue les représentations de l’AU dans le cadre d’une expérience de démocratie directe : le budget participatif de la ville de Rennes (Bretagne) (2015-2016). La dimension novatrice de cet article repose sur cette source de données, la plateforme internet où sont déposées les propositions des porteurs des projets, et les commentaires des services techniques et des citadins. Ainsi, un spectre élargi d’acteurs qui portent des regards multiples, parfois discordants, est pris en compte. L’analyse a été conduite avec plusieurs outils comme l’analyse discursive et la lexicométrie. L’objectif est de faire émerger les positionnements différents des acteurs, au vu de ces propositions de projet et des commentaires sur l’intégration de l’agriculture dans les espaces urbains. En outre, il s’agit de montrer comment ces représentations et les visions du rapport des hommes à la terre peuvent contribuer à la fabrication collective et collabora­tive de l’AU. Lien social, production agricole, éducation, une pluralité d’arguments est posée avec en toile de fond le désir de vivre ensemble. Cependant, les condi­tions du développement de l’AU sont discutées et on y voit aussi émerger un certain nombre de contraintes qui peuvent remettre en question la place de l’AU.This article aims to contribute to the debate on the place of agriculture within the cities and the evolution of urban agriculture (UA) typologies and their modes of appropriation by city dwellers. In particular, it investigates the represen­tations of UA in the context of direct democracy experience : the participatory budget of the city of Rennes (Brittany) (2015-2016). The innovative dimension of this article is based on the source of discursive data that includes the proposals of the project promoters, and the technical departments and city dwellers comments and remarks. So it is possible to take into account the standpoint of a broader spectrum of actors that have multiple and sometimes discordant point of views. The principal tools adopted to carry out the analysis were discourses and lexical analysis. The main objective is to detach the actor’s different positions on the integration of agriculture into urban spaces based on project proposals and commentaries related. In addition, it aims to point out the contribution of the representations and the standpoints of the linkage between men and land to the collective and collaborative production of UA. Social ties, agricultural production, education, so pluralities of arguments are aired and it is backdrop the desire to live together. However, the conditions for the UA development are discussed and several constraints emerge questioning the place of UA

Développer des projets d’agriculture urbaine avec la méthode Meth-Expau®

Today, urban agriculture appears to be a lever for the ecological transition of cities and a tool for education in sustainable food. Many urban development actors are setting up projects on their territories: collective gardens, eco-grazing, participative micro-farms, mushroom beds, beehives, etc. However, the implementation of this type of project raises many questions about their relevance and feasibility in the areas concerned. What are the expectations of the different actors and inhabitants? What types of project can be implemented? What surface area is necessary? How to set up a shared garden or a micro-farm? This guide proposes a methodology based on the experience of the Exp'AU research office (Expertises en agricultures urbaines, under the aegis of AgroParisTech Innovation), which since 2015 has been carrying out missions to support local actors in setting up urban agriculture projects. The proposed methodological itinerary is structured in three steps and guides the user step by step in his approach, even without specific knowledge related to this field. This book is intended for owners and managers of urban land (local authorities, landlords, developers, planners) who wish to set up urban agriculture projects, whether commercial (urban farms, eco-grazing) or non-commercial (shared gardens, chicken coops, etc)

Le pacte agriurbain de la vallée ombrienne et les districts agricoles et culturels de Milan

Dans les zones périurbaines, les paysages agricoles possèdent des caractéristiques différentes, selon leur niveau d’imbrication avec les paysages urbains et leur structure de l’espace et de fonctionnement du système agricole. Afin de guider l’évolution visant à orienter le développement dans une perspective d’intégration spatiale et fonctionnelle, la gestion de ces espaces devient de plus en plus importante. En Europe, certaines expériences de gestion sont en train de se développer : parcs agricoles, projets agriurbains, districts agricoles, pactes agriurbains, pactes entre ville et campagne. Le succès de ces expériences, qui utilisent souvent une nouvelle signification de la « ruralité », est fondé sur une forte participation et cohésion entre les acteurs grâce à des pratiques de coconstruction de l’espace. Le propos de cet article est de présenter deux expériences de coconstruction des territoires agriurbains : le district agricole et culturel de Milan (Lombardie) et le pacte agriurbain de la vallée ombrienne (Ombrie), en analysant la construction du modèle, les échelles d’intervention, les acteurs socio-économiques impliqués et en considérant le rôle joué par les politiques mises en œuvre pour gérer ces espaces.In peri-urban areas, the level of integration with the urban areas, the spatial organisation of the city and surroundings and the functions of agricultural system determine specific features of agricultural landscapes. The management of these areas is becoming increasingly important in order to guide the evolution orienteering the development in a perspective of spatial and functional - integration. In Europe, some experiences of territorial planning as agricultural parks, agriurbain projects, agricultural districts, agriurbain pacts, pacts between city and countryside, are been developing. The success of these experiences, which often are expression of a new meaning of "rurality" are based on a strong participation and cohesion between the stakeholders thanks to practices of co-construction of space. The purpose of this paper is to present two experiments of co-construction of agriurbain territories : the agricultural and cultural district of Milan (Lombardia) and the agriurbain pact of Umbrian Valley (Umbria), analysing the construction of the model, the intervention scales, the socio-economic actors involved and considering the role of policies implemented to manage these areas