Transdermal hormone replacement therapy with nanostructured medicines

Objectives: Due to hormonal changes during the menopause, women experience a variety of perimenopause and postmenopause symptoms. This review examines the various aspects of nanostructured hormone therapy and its application in the treatments of menopausal symptoms. Material and methods: Excerpta Medica DataBase, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched basing on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Seven eligible studies out of 51 related papers, which satisfied the initial search criteria, were extracted and carefully reviewed to clarify the role of nanomedicine in maintaining postmenopausal women’s health. Results: Review of the seven eligible studies confirmed nanostructured hormone therapy as a safe and effective method for the alleviation of menopausal symptoms. According to the existing studies, nanostructured hormone therapy decreased the mean daily frequency and severity of menopausal symptoms. Conclusion: The use of transdermal nanoformulations in hormone therapy can relieve climacteric symptoms and prevent other postmenopausal symptoms

Correlations Between Social Support and Physical Activity with Depression and Happiness in Elderly Women with Memory Impairment

Background: Mental health is a common concern in old age. Given the increase of aging population, it is crucial to pay attention to factors influencing elderly people’s mental health. This research investigated the correlations between social support and physical activity (PA) with depression and happiness in older women with memory impairment.Methods: A descriptive-correlational approach was used in this study. The statistical population consisted of all elderly women (over 65 years old) residing in Golestan province, Iran, between February 2022 and June 2022. The sample included 384 women with mild dementia who were selected through purposive sampling. Research variables were measured using standard instruments. Data analysis was conducted using the Pearson correlation test and regression analysis in SPSS version 26.Results: The mean and standard deviation of social support, PA, depression, and happiness were 37.59±11.09, 1.06±1.17, 7.29±2.55, and 42.73±10.64, respectively. Regression analysis results demonstrated a negative and significant association between social support and depression (35.1%), while it showed a positive and significant association with happiness (16.5%). Furthermore, PA exhibited a negative and significant association with depression (40.9%) and a positive and significant association with joy (30.4%).Conclusions: The findings of this study can contribute to the development of more effective health and physical education programs targeting elderly individuals with memory impairment to improve their mental health

The inter relationships among growth parameters (weight, height) and ectopic eruption of permanent first molars of children aged 6-9 years in Kerman, Iran

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Ectopic eruption (EE) of the permanent first molars (PFMs) results from a discrepancy between the jaw growth rate and the growth rate of these teeth. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of EE of PFMs in Kerman, Iran, and then determine the relationship between growth parameters (height and weight) and this developmental anomaly. METHODS: In the present study, 2025 children aged 6-9 years were examined to determine the prevalence of eruption of PFMs. Examinations were carried out with the use of tongue depressors under adequate light. Height and weight were determined in the control (without EE of PFM) and the case (with EE of PFM) groups, and then registered in the relevant checklist. Descriptive statistical methods were used for the analysis of qualitative data at a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. Chi-squared test was used for comparisons between the two groups in relation to age and gender. RESULTS: In the present study, prevalence of the EE of PFMs was 2.8% in 6 to 9-year-old children in Kerman. The rate of this developmental anomaly was higher in boys compared to girls and higher in the maxilla than in the mandible; however, the differences were not significant (P > 0.05). The prevalence of EE was higher in children with a lower mean age and a lower mean height and weight, which was significant statistically (P 0.05). In addition, there was no significant relationship between cleft palate or lip and EE (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Children in the lower than normal height and weight percentile are more susceptible to the EE developmental anomaly. KEYWORDS: Height; Weight; Ectopic Eruptio

Effects of Family-Related Activities on Adolescent Smoking in the United States: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study

Worldwide, Smoking is one of the most critical public health issues. On the other hand, different levels of family activity may explain adolescent smoking behaviors. Therefore, this longitudinal study examines the effect of family activities on adolescent Smoking in the United States. 4966 American adolescents aged 12-18 years are used for analysis between 1980-2015. Family process criteria (peer influence, control variables, and Smoking) are used to collect data. Kaplan- Meier survival analysis and logistic regression are used to analyze the data. The results showed that women less likely smoke than men. The same is true for blacks compared to white. Children separated from the family are 20 percent more likely to smoke, and adolescents with high physical activity levels are less likely to smoke before age 16. Moreover, moderate sport reduces risk of smoking by 15%, so people who were more physically active were less likely to smoke during adolescence, but parental education was not related to smoking. Developing standard programs with adequate education and social reinforcement and the efforts of families and communities to engage in sports activities reduced adolescent smoking

Family activities and adolescent Smoking in the United States: Evidence from a longitudinal study

Worldwide, Smoking is one of the most critical public health issues. On the other hand, different levels of family activity may explain adolescent smoking behaviors. Therefore, this longitudinal study examines the effect of family activities on adolescent Smoking in the United States. 4966 American adolescents aged 12-18 years are used for analysis between 1980-2015. Family process criteria (peer influence, control variables, and Smoking) are used to collect data. Kaplan- Meier survival analysis and logistic regression are used to analyze the data. The results showed that women less likely smoke than men. The same is true for blacks compared to white. Children separated from the family are 20 percent more likely to smoke, and adolescents with high physical activity levels are less likely to smoke before age 16. Moreover, moderate sport reduces risk of smoking by 15%, so people who were more physically active were less likely to smoke during adolescence, but parental education was not related to smoking. Developing standard programs with adequate education and social reinforcement and the efforts of families and communities to engage in sports activities reduced adolescent smoking

Association between seminal plasma neopterin and oxidative stress in male infertility: A case-control study

Background: Neopterin is a significant and sensitive marker in estimating the activity of cellular immune system. Oxidative stress plays a role in the etiology of male infertility. Increased reactive oxygen species is accompanied with increase in neopterin level. Hence neopterin may be involved in male infertility. Objective: The objective of this case-control study was to determine neopterin level in idiopathic infertile and normospermic men; furthermore, to identify its relationship with oxidative stress markers including total oxidant, malondialdehyde, sperm DNA fragmentation, and total antioxidant capacity of seminal plasma. Materials and Methods: Forty seven infertile and forty three normospermic males were selected according to WHO criteria. Their semen and blood samples were taken; subsequently, the levels of neopterin, total oxidant, total antioxidant, malondialdehyde, and sperm DNA fragmentation were measured. Results: The levels of neopterin, total oxidant, and malondialdehyde in seminal plasma of infertile males were significantly higher than those of normospermic group (p=0.038, 0.018, and 0.028, respectively). Furthermore, sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile men was higher than that of control group (p<0.001). Moreover, total antioxidant capacity of seminal plasma in infertile males was significantly lower than that of normospermic subjects (p=0.002). No significant difference was observed in serum neopterin, total oxidant, and malondialdehyde between the infertile and normospermic groups. Conclusion: The significant inverse correlation between seminal plasma neopterin and total antioxidant in the infertile males supports a possible role of neopterin in male infertility. Neopterin can be suggested as a marker in monitoring and diagnosis of idiopathic male infertility

Effects of life cycle and leaves location on gene expression and glycoside biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is One of the most important biologically sourced and low-calorie sweeteners that known as "Sweet Weed". It contains steviol glycosides that they are about 200-300 times sweeter than sucrose. Tissue culture is the best method with high efficiency that can overcome to problems of traditional methods, and it is the most useful tools for studying stress tolerance mechanisms under in vitro conditions to obtain drought tolerance. In the present research, we investigated the impact of life cycle, leaves location and the harvesting time on expression of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 as well as steviol glycosides accumulation. The highest gene expression of both UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 (207.677 and 208.396 Total Lab unit, respectively) was observed in young leaves in the second vegetative year. Also, the highest amount of stevioside accumulation (13.04) was due to the old leaves in vegetative stage which had significant differences with other effects whereas the lowest accumulation (7.47) was seen at young leaves at vegetative stage. Interestingly, the highest level of rebaudioside a production (15.74) was occurred at the young leaves at vegetative stage. There was significant differences between life cycle and leaves location on steviol glycoside production in stevia

Recognition and Determination of Related Traits Importance with Seed Yield in Chickpea (Cicer Aietinum)

To study the relationship between seed yield and its components 5 varieties and 18 different genotypes of Cicer arietinum were evaluated. This study was carried out under dryland farming during 2007 in research farm of Razi university. Path analysis showed that in the first level of yield, the highest direct effect was related to biological yield and the highest indirect effect was related to seed number per plant due to biological yield. In second level of yield due to the seed number per plant double seed pod number had the highest direct effect and the highest indirect effect was related to hundreds seed weight due to double the seed pod number. In second level of yield due to biological yield, the highest direct effect was related to high plant and the highest indirect effect was related to high plant due to second branch number. In the third level of yield due to a hundred seed weight, the highest direct effect was related to pod diameter and the highest indirect effect was related to pod length due to pod diameter. Factor analysis showed that 5 factors explained 81.65 percent of the variance. Cluster analysis based on ward method were arranged genotypes in 3 clusters