The Role of Parenting Styles in Predicting Anxiety Thoughts and Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms in Adolescents

Introduction: Parents interaction styles with children or teens have an important impact on shaping their character and mental health and the incidence of some psychiatric symptoms. The aim of this study was to predict anxiety thought and obsessive - compulsive symptoms of the adolescents based on parents' parenting styles. Methods: This was a descriptive study. 180 male students in Marand were selected by cluster random sampling. We used Baumrind parents parenting style questionnaire, Wales anxiety thoughts questionnaire and Maudsley obsessive- compulsive questionnaire. Data was analyzed by Pearson's correlation test and multiple regression analysis. Results: Data analysis showed that obsessive- compulsive symptoms and anxiety ideas were positively related to the authoritarian and permissive parenting styles and negatively related to authoritative parenting style. Parenting style is able to predict the level of obsessive - compulsive symptoms and adolescent anxiety ideas. Conclusion: The results showed that parents' parenting style is one of the influencing factors on adolescent health. Parents with authoritative parenting style, have the children with lower obsessive - compulsive symptoms and anxious thoughts

The vertical separation of mainshock rupture and microseismicity at Qeshm island in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt, Iran

We investigate the depth and geometry of faulting within a cluster of buried, reverse faulting earthquakes that struck Qeshm island, in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt, over a four year period between November 2005 and July 2009. Of particular interest is our observation that there was a vertical separation between the largest two earthquakes (Mw 5.8 and 5.9), which ruptured the lower parts of a ~10-km thick sedimentary cover, and microseismicity recorded by a local network after the first, Mw 5.8 event, which was concentrated within the underlying basement at depths of 10-20km. Although measured in different ways - the largest three earthquakes using radar interferometry, moderate-sized events with teleseismically-recorded, long-period waveforms, and the microseismicity using data from a local seismic network - we used consistent velocity and elastic parameters in all our modelling, and the observed vertical separation is robust and resolvable. We suggest that it reflects the influence of the Proterozoic Hormuz salt, a weak layer at the base of the sedimentary cover across which rupture failed to propagate. Because the full thickness of the seismogenic layer failed to rupture during the largest earthquakes in the sequence, the lower, unruptured part may constitute a continued seismic hazard to the region. Considering the rarity of earthquakes larger than Mw 6.2 in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt, we suggest that the Hormuz salt forms an important, regional barrier to rupture, not just a local one. Finally, we note that buried faulting involved in the largest earthquakes is almost perpendicular to the trend of an anticline exposed at the surface immediately above them. This suggests that locally, faulting and folding are decoupled, probably along a weak layer of marls or evaporites in the middle part of the sedimentary cover. © 2010

The 2006 March 25 Fin earthquakes (Iran)-insights into the vertical extents of faulting in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt

We investigate the depth of faulting and its connection with surface folding in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt of Iran. Our focus is a sequence of earthquakes (Mw 5.7, 5.5, 5.2, 5.0, 4.9) that struck the Fin region, in the south-eastern Simply Folded Belt, on 2006 March 25. Modelling ground displacements measured with radar interferometry, we find that either N- or S-dipping model reverse faults can reproduce the observed fringe patterns. Despite the uncertainty in fault orientation, we can constrain the vertical extents of rupture to between a top depth of ~5-6 km and a bottom depth of ∼9-10 km, consistent with the ∼8 km centroid depth of the largest earthquake. We suggest that the faulting ruptured the thick 'Competent Group' of Paleozoic and Mesozoic conglomerates and platform carbonates, which makes up the lower part of the sedimentary cover. The rupture probably terminated within the Precambrian Hormuz salt at its base, and the Cretaceous Gurpi marls at its top. These mechanically weak layers act as barriers to rupture, separating faulting within the Competent Group from deformation in the layers above and below. The pattern of coseismic surface uplift is centred on the common limb of the Fin syncline and Guniz anticline, but is oblique (by 20°) to the trend of these open, symmetric, 'whaleback' folds, and also overlaps a section of the Fin syncline axis. These observations suggest that locally, surface folding is decoupled from the underlying reverse faulting. Although the Fin syncline and Guniz anticline are symmetric structures, some other nearby folds show a strong asymmetry, with steep or overturned southern limbs, consistent with growth above N-dipping reverse faults. This suggests that the Simply Folded Belt contains a combination of forced folds and detachment folds. We also investigate the distribution of locally recorded aftershocks in the weeks following the main earthquakes. Most of these occurred at depths of ∼10-30 km, with a particularly high concentration of events at ∼20-25 km. These aftershocks therefore lie within the crystalline basement rather than the sedimentary cover, and are vertically separated from the main rupture. This study confirms earlier suggestions that earthquakes of Mw 5-6 are capable of being generated within the thick 'Competent Group' of Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments, as well as in the basement below the Hormuz Salt Formation. © 2010 The Author Journal compilation © 2010 RAS

The vertical separation of mainshock rupture and microseismicity at Qeshm island in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt, Iran

We investigate the depth and geometry of faulting within a cluster of buried, reverse faulting earthquakes that struck Qeshm island, in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt, over a four year period between November 2005 and July 2009. Of particular interest is our observation that there was a vertical separation between the largest two earthquakes (Mw 5.8 and 5.9), which ruptured the lower parts of a ~ 10-km thick sedimentary cover, and microseismicity recorded by a local network after the first, Mw 5.8 event, which was concentrated within the underlying basement at depths of 10-20 km. Although measured in different ways -- the largest three earthquakes using radar interferometry, moderate-sized events with teleseismically-recorded, long-period waveforms, and the microseismicity using data from a local seismic network -- we used consistent velocity and elastic parameters in all our modelling, and the observed vertical separation is robust and resolvable. We suggest that it reflects the influence of the Proterozoic Hormuz salt, a weak layer at the base of the sedimentary cover across which rupture failed to propagate. Because the full thickness of the seismogenic layer failed to rupture during the largest earthquakes in the sequence, the lower, unruptured part may constitute a continued seismic hazard to the region. Considering the rarity of earthquakes larger than Mw 6.2 in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt, we suggest that the Hormuz salt forms an important, regional barrier to rupture, not just a local one. Finally, we note that buried faulting involved in the largest earthquakes is almost perpendicular to the trend of an anticline exposed at the surface immediately above them. This suggests that locally, faulting and folding are decoupled, probably along a weak layer of marls or evaporites in the middle part of the sedimentary cover