Applications of artificial intelligence in dentistry: A comprehensive review

This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Sciences, Innovation and Universities under Projects RTI2018-101674-B-I00 and PGC2018-101904-A-100, University of Granada project A.TEP. 280.UGR18, I+D+I Junta de Andalucia 2020 project P20-00200, and Fapergs/Capes do Brasil grant 19/25510000928-3. Funding for open-access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBUAObjective: To perform a comprehensive review of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in dentistry, providing the community with a broad insight on the different advances that these technologies and tools have produced, paying special attention to the area of esthetic dentistry and color research. Materials and methods: The comprehensive review was conducted in MEDLINE/ PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, for papers published in English language in the last 20 years. Results: Out of 3871 eligible papers, 120 were included for final appraisal. Study methodologies included deep learning (DL; n = 76), fuzzy logic (FL; n = 12), and other ML techniques (n = 32), which were mainly applied to disease identification, image segmentation, image correction, and biomimetic color analysis and modeling. Conclusions: The insight provided by the present work has reported outstanding results in the design of high-performance decision support systems for the aforementioned areas. The future of digital dentistry goes through the design of integrated approaches providing personalized treatments to patients. In addition, esthetic dentistry can benefit from those advances by developing models allowing a complete characterization of tooth color, enhancing the accuracy of dental restorations. Clinical significance: The use of AI and ML has an increasing impact on the dental profession and is complementing the development of digital technologies and tools, with a wide application in treatment planning and esthetic dentistry procedures.Spanish Ministry of Sciences, Innovation and Universities RTI2018-101674-B-I00 PGC2018-101904-A-100University of Granada project A.TEP. 280.UGR18Junta de Andalucia P20-00200Fapergs/Capes do Brasil grant 19/25510000928-3Universidad de Granada/CBU

Validation of a Hyperspectral Imaging System for Color Measurement of In-Vivo Dental Structures

A full comprehension of colorimetric relationships within and between teeth is key for aesthetic success of a dental restoration. In this sense, hyperspectral imaging can provide point-wise reliable measurements of the tooth surface, which can serve for this purpose. The aim of this study was to use a hyperspectral imaging system for the colorimetric characterization of 4 in-vivo maxillary anterior teeth and to cross-check the results with similar studies carried out with other measuring systems in order to validate the proposed capturing protocol. Hyperspectral reflectance images (Specim IQ), of the upper central (UCI) and lateral incisors (ULI), were captured on 30 participants. CIE-L*a*b* values were calculated for the incisal (I), middle (M) and cervical (C) third of each target tooth. Delta E-ab* and Delta E-00 total color differences were computed between different tooth areas and adjacent teeth, and evaluated according to the perceptibility (PT) and acceptability (AT) thresholds for dentistry. Non-perceptible color differences were found between UCIs and ULIs. Mean color differences between UCI and ULI exceeded AT (Delta E-ab* = 7.39-7.42; Delta E-00 = 5.71-5.74) in all cases. Large chromatic variations between I, M and C areas of the same tooth were registered (Delta E-ab* = 5.01-6.07 and Delta E-00 = 4.07-5.03; Delta E-ab* = 5.80-8.16 and Delta E-00 = 4.37-5.15; and Delta E-ab* = 5.42-5.92 and Delta E-00 = 3.87-4.16 between C and M, C and I and M and I, respectively). The use of a hyperspectral camera has proven to be a reliable and effective method for color evaluation of in-vivo natural teeth.MCIN/AEI/ERDF "Una manera de hacer Europa" PGC2018-101904-A-I00 PID2021128317OB-I00Junta de Andalucia RDI P20-00200OTRI 474

Evaluación de la fórmula de diferencia de color CIEDE2000(KL:KC:KH) y desarrollo de algoritmos predictivos de color: aplicación para materiales dentales

Tesis Univ. Granada. Departamento de Óptic

Determination of soluble solids content in Prunus avium by Vis/NIR equipment using linear and non-linear regression methods

Aim of study: Developing models to determine soluble solids content (SSC) in cherry trees by means of Vis/NIR spectroscopy.Area of study: The Spanish Autonomous Community of Aragón (Spain).Material and methods: Vis/NIR spectroscopy was applied to Prunus avium fruit ‘Chelan’ (n=360) to predict total SSC using a range 400-2420 nm. Linear (PLS) and nonlinear (LSSVM) regression methods were applied to establish prediction models.Main results: The two regression methods applied obtained similar results (Rcv2=0.97 and Rcv2=0.98 respectively). The range 700-1060 nm attained better results to predict SSC in different seasons. Forty variables selected according to the variable selection method achieved Rcv2 value, 0.97 similar than full range.Research highlights: The development of this methodology is of great interest to the fruit sector in the area, facilitating the harvest for future seasons. Further work is needed on the development of the NIRS methodology and on new calibration equations for other varieties of cherry and other species

Color compatibility between dental structures and three different types of ceramic systems

Background: To assess color compatibility between dental structures (human enamel and dentine) and three different types of ceramic systems. Methods: Samples (1 and 2 mm-thick) of extracted tooth (containing dentine and enamel areas) and three ceramic systems with different shades and opacities (HT–High Translucent, T–Translucent) were prepared for this study: Vita Suprinity—VS (HT, T; A1, A2, A3, A3.5, B2, C2, D2) (Vita Zahnfabrik); Vita Enamic—VE (HT, T; 1M1, 1M2, 2M2, 3M2) (Vita Zahnfabrik) and Noritake Super Porcelain EX-3—NKT (A1, A2, A3, A3.5, B2, C2, D2) (Kuraray Noritake Dental). Reflectance measurements of all samples were performed over black backgrounds using a non-contact spectroradiometer (SpectraScan PR-670, Photo Research) under a CIE 45°/0° geometry. CIE L*a*b* color parameters were measured and CIELAB/CIEDE2000 color differences (ΔE00/ΔE* ab) and corresponding Coverage Error (CE) of ceramic system for dentine or enamel samples were calculated. Color data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc multiple comparisons tests. CE values were interpreted by comparisons with available 50:50% acceptability color threshold (AT) for dentistry. Results: Statistically significant differences in lightness were found among all ceramic systems and human dentine (p < 0.001), while no significant differences were registered between enamel and VSHT, T and VEHT. 1 mm dentine showed no statistical differences with VST and VSHT for a* coordinate, while 2 mm dentine showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) with VEHT. Thin samples (1 mm) of dentine and enamel showed significant statistical differences (p < 0.05) for b* coordinate with less translucent materials (NKT, VET and VST). For dentine samples, none of the ceramic materials provided a CE lower than AT. VSHT provided the best CE for 1 mm-thick ( CE00 = 1.7, CEab = 1.9) and for 2 mm-thick ( CE00 = 2.3; CEab = 2.5) enamel samples. Conclusions: Color coordinates of evaluated esthetic ceramic systems were statistically different from those of human dentine in almost all cases. The evaluated ZrO2 lithium silicate glass–ceramic (VS), with its two levels of translucency, provided lower CE values with human enamel samples while conventional feldspathic ceramic (NKT) and hybrid ceramic systems (VE) demonstrated a better color compatibility with dentin samples.Consiliul National al Cercetarii Stiintifice (CNCS) Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii (UEFISCDI) PN-III-P1-1.1-PD-2016-0742Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities PGC2018-101904-A-I00University of Granada A.TEP.280.UGR1

Colorimetric (CIEDE2000) comparison between two shade guides used for visual evaluation of tooth whitening efficacy

Introduction/Objective The objective of this study was to perform colorimetric comparison between two shade guides used for visual tooth whitening monitoring. Methods VITA Bleachedguide 3D-Master (BG) and value scale of VITA classical A1–D4 (VC) were evaluated (n = 3) using a non-contact spectroradiometer. Ranges, distribution, and correlation among color parameters were evaluated using CIEDE2000 color difference formula. In addition, optimized whiteness index for dentistry (WID), and Yellowness Index E313 (YI) were analyzed. ANOVA and Fisher’s PLSD test at a 0.05 level of significance were used in statistical analysis. Results The lightness (L’), chroma (C’), and hue (h’) ranges for BG were 20.4, 25.9, and 19.1, respectively. The corresponding ranges for VC were 15.3, 10.9, and 20.6. R2 values for individual color coordinate/tab arrangement were higher for BG than VC. The same is true for R2 values of pairs of color coordinates for BG/VC: L’C’ = 0.89/0.33, L’h’ = 0.88/0.53, and C’h’ = 0.70/0.51. BG also exhibited better agreement between the manufacturer’s tab arrangement with ΔE’, WID and YI. The ΔE’ between the lightest and the darkest BG and VC tab were 20.6 and 13.2, respectively. The average ΔE’ among the adjacent tabs were 1.9 (0.5) for BG (corresponding to two shade guide units, SGU) and 3.0 (1.0) for VC (1 SGU). Conclusion VITA Bleachedguide 3D-Master exhibited wider L’, C’, ΔE’, WID, and YI ranges compared to value scale of VITA classical A1–D4 shade guide and better distribution of evaluated color parameters. This, along with the presence of several shades lighter than B1 of VC, recommends the use of BG for visual evaluation of tooth whitening efficacy

Determination of soluble solids content in Prunus avium by Vis/NIR equipment using linear and non-linear regression methods

7 Pags- 3 Figs.- 2 Tabls. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-by 4.0) License.Aim of study: Developing models to determine soluble solids content (SSC) in cherry trees by means of Vis/NIR spectroscopy. Area of study: The Spanish Autonomous Community of Aragón (Spain). Material and methods: Vis/NIR spectroscopy was applied to Prunus avium fruit ‘Chelan’ (n=360) to predict total SSC using a range 400-2420 nm. Linear (PLS) and nonlinear (LSSVM) regression methods were applied to establish prediction models. Main results: The two regression methods applied obtained similar results (Rcv2=0.97 and Rcv2=0.98 respectively). The range 700-1060 nm attained better results to predict SSC in different seasons. Forty variables selected according to the variable selection method achieved Rcv2 value, 0.97 similar than full range. Research highlights: The development of this methodology is of great interest to the fruit sector in the area, facilitating the harvest for future seasons. Further work is needed on the development of the NIRS methodology and on new calibration equations for other varieties of cherry and other species.Funding agencies/Institutions, Project / Grant: Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), RTI2018-101674-B-I00; European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); Aragon Government, T07_17RPeer reviewe

Development of Thickness-Dependent Predictive Methods for the Estimation of the CIEL*a*b* Color Coordinates of Monolithic and Layered Dental Resin Composites

Usually, dentin and enamel shades are layered in dental restorations with the purpose of mimicking the natural appearance of teeth. The main objective of this study was to develop and assess accuracy of a color-prediction method for both monolithic and layered dental resin-based composites with varying shades and under different illuminants. A total of 15 different shades of VITAPAN Excell, VITAPAN Dentine and VITA Physiodens as well as VITA Enamel of five different thicknesses (0.5–2.5 mm range) were used to manufacture monolithic and layered samples. A non-contact spectroradiometer with CIE 45∘/0∘ geometry was used to measure the color of all samples over a standard ceramic black background. Second-degree polynomial regression was used as predictive method for CIE-L*a*b* color coordinates. Performance of predictive models was tested using the CIEDE2000 total color difference formula (ΔE00), while accuracy was evaluated by comparative assessment of ΔE00 with corresponding 50:50% acceptability (AT00) and perceptibly (PT00) thresholds for dentistry. A mean color difference between measured (real) and predicted color of ΔE00=1.71, with 62.86% of the color differences below AT00 and 28.57% below PT00, was registered for monolithic samples. For bi-layered samples, the mean color difference was roughly ΔE00=0.50, with generally 100% and more than 85% of the estimations below AT00 and PT00, respectively. The predictive method allowed highly accurate color estimations for both monolithic and layered dental resin-based composites with varying thicknesses and under different illuminations. These results could be useful to maximize the clinical success of dental restorations