La diversité génétique chez les plantes cultivées des régions tropicales = Genetic variability in tropical crops

Les activités de l'ORSTOM sur les ressources génétiques concernent une dizaine d'espèces tropicales d'intérêt agricole principalement en Afrique. Les chercheurs ont tout d'abord contribué à l'enrichissement des banques de gènes mondiales en matériel végétal original ; près de 20 000 échantillons sont conservés par le Centre ORSTOM de Montpellier. L'analyse de la diversité génétique des espèces a été privilégiée afin de connaître sa structuration et de comprendre son organisation dans son contexte évolutif (domestication, migration, sélection). Deux évolutions fondamentales ont guidé cette approche de la diversité génétique : 1) les concepts de "pools géniques" et de "complexe d'espèces" pour rendre compte des rapports entre les espèces cultivées et les formes apparentées sauvages ; 2) l'étude du polymorphisme moléculaire des protéines et de l'ADN, source quasi illimitée de marqueurs génétiques, dans leur majorité sélectivement neutres. Ainsi, la description de l'organisation génétique des espèces collectées a été réalisée et illustrée par l'exemple des riz. Afin de développer la conservation et la gestion des ressources génétiques, les chercheurs ORSTOM participent au développement de méthodologies adaptées : 1) la constitution de collections réduites (core collection) ; 2) la cryoconservation d'espèces à graines récalcitrantes et/ou à multiplication végétative ; 3) la conservation #in situ$ des formes spontanées dans leurs écosystèmes et des formes cultivées dans leurs agrosystèmes. Les ressources génétiques conservées prennent de la valeur ajoutée par leur évaluation, leur gestion et leur utilisation en sélection. Quelques-unes des perspectives de valorisation des recherches ORSTOM sont présentées, en particulier l'emploi de marqueurs moléculaires cartographiés dans le pilotage de l'introgression des caractères d'intérêt agronomique. (Résumé d'auteur

Entanglement of a two-particle Gaussian state interacting with a heat bath”, Phys

Abstract The effect of a thermal reservoir is investigated on a bipartite Gaussian state. We derive a pre-Lindblad master equation in the non-rotating wave approximation for the system. We then solve the master equation for a bipartite harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian with entangled initial state. We show that for strong damping the loss of entanglement is the same as for freely evolving particles. However, if the damping is small, the entanglement is shown to oscillate and eventually tend to a constant nonzero value

AGAPE, an experiment to detect MACHO's in the direction of the Andromeda galaxy

The status of the Agape experiment to detect Machos in the direction of the andromeda galaxy is presented.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure in a separate compressed, tarred, uuencoded uufile. In case ofproblem contact [email protected]

Fine genetic mapping of a gene required for Rice yellow mottle virus cell-to-cell movement

International audienceThe very high resistance to rice yellow mottle virus observed in the two rice varieties Gigante (Oryza sativa) and Tog 5681 (O. glaberrima) is monogenic and recessive. Bulked segregant analysis was carried out to identify AFLP markers linked to the resistance gene. Mapping of PCR-specific markers, CAPS and microsatellite markers on 429 individuals of an IR64 × Gigante F 2 population pinpointed this resistance gene on the long arm of chromosome 4 in a 3.7-cM interval spanned by PCR markers. These markers also flanked the resistance gene of the O. glaberrima accession Tog 5681 and confirmed previous allelism tests. The rarity of this recessive natural resistance was in line with a resistance mechanism model based on point mutations of a host component required for cell-to-cell movement of the virus. Preliminary data on the genetic divergence between the two cultivated rice species in the vicinity of the resistance locus suggested that two different resistance alleles are present in Gigante and Tog 5681. A large set of recombinants is now available to envisage physical mapping and cloning of the gene

Very High Energy Gamma-ray spectral properties of Mrk 501 from CAT Cerenkov telescope observations in 1997

The BL Lac object Mrk 501 went into a very high state of activity during 1997, both in VHE gamma-rays and X-rays. We present here results from observations at energies above 250 GeV carried out between March and October 1997 with the CAT Cerenkov imaging Telescope. The average differential spectrum between 30 GeV and 13 TeV shows significant curvature and is well represented by phi_0 * E_TeV^{-(alpha + beta*log10(E_TeV))}, with: phi_0 = 5.19 +/- 0.13 {stat} +/- 0.12 {sys-MC} +1.66/-1.04 {sys-atm} * 10^-11 /cm^2/s/TeV alpha = 2.24 +/- 0.04 {stat} +/- 0.05 {sys} beta = 0.50 +/- 0.07 {stat} (negligible systematics). The TeV spectral energy distribution of Mrk 501 clearly peaks in the range 500 GeV-1 TeV. Investigation of spectral variations shows a significant hardness-intensity correlation with no measurable effect on the curvature. This can be described as an increase of the peak TeV emission energy with intensity. Simultaneous and quasi-simultaneous CAT VHE gamma-ray and BeppoSAX hard X-ray detections for the highest recorded flare on 16th April and for lower-activity states of the same period show correlated variability with a higher luminosity in X-rays than in gamma-rays. The observed spectral energy distribution and the correlated variability between X-rays and gamma-rays, both in amplitude and in hardening of spectra, favour a two-component emission scheme where the low and high energy components are attributed to synchrotron and inverse Compton (IC) radiation, respectively.Comment: Submitted to Astronomy and Astrophysics, 8 pages including 6 figures. Published with minor change

The CAT Imaging Telescope for Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy

The CAT (Cherenkov Array at Themis) imaging telescope, equipped with a very-high-definition camera (546 fast phototubes with 0.12 degrees spacing surrounded by 54 larger tubes in two guard rings) started operation in Autumn 1996 on the site of the former solar plant Themis (France). Using the atmospheric Cherenkov technique, it detects and identifies very high energy gamma-rays in the range 250 GeV to a few tens of TeV. The instrument, which has detected three sources (Crab nebula, Mrk 421 and Mrk 501), is described in detail.Comment: 24 pages, 15 figures. submitted to Elsevier Preprin

Nitric oxide orchestrates metabolic rewiring in M1 macrophages by targeting aconitase 2 and pyruvate dehydrogenase.

Profound metabolic changes are characteristic of macrophages during classical activation and have been implicated in this phenotype. Here we demonstrate that nitric oxide (NO) produced by murine macrophages is responsible for TCA cycle alterations and citrate accumulation associated with polarization. 13C tracing and mitochondrial respiration experiments map NO-mediated suppression of metabolism to mitochondrial aconitase (ACO2). Moreover, we find that inflammatory macrophages reroute pyruvate away from pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) in an NO-dependent and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (Hif1α)-independent manner, thereby promoting glutamine-based anaplerosis. Ultimately, NO accumulation leads to suppression and loss of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes. Our data reveal that macrophages metabolic rewiring, in vitro and in vivo, is dependent on NO targeting specific pathways, resulting in reduced production of inflammatory mediators. Our findings require modification to current models of macrophage biology and demonstrate that reprogramming of metabolism should be considered a result rather than a mediator of inflammatory polarization

Mutations in succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) enhance neutrophil survival independent of HIF-1α expression.

status: publishe