Anaerobic Treatment Of Fresh Leachate From Transfer Station

One stage anaerobic digestion was carried out in this study where fresh leachate from Taman Beringin Transfer Station was used as a substrate to be treated in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal by using 10 L stirred tank reactor (STR) within period of two and three months for semi-continuous and batch anaerobic treatment processes, respectively, in which the maximum loading rate of the system was tested at 6kg COD/m3.day. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) sludge was used as an inoculum in phase 2 in order to obtain high amount of COD removal. Three experiments were conducted in anaerobic treatment of fresh leachate until steady state was achieved, i.e. (1) no seed was added and pH and temperature were not controlled (phase1); (2) POME sludge was used as an inoculum and no pH adjustment and temperature control was done, fresh leachate was fed in semi-continuous mode and hydraulic retention time (HRT) 10 days was selected (phase2, run1); (3) POME sludge was used as an inoculum, pH was adjusted by using Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and temperature was not controlled and HRT 10 days was chosen (phase 2, run 2).In general, anaerobic digestion using POME seed sludge shows better efficiency in COD reduction and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 ) in comparison to batch process and unadjusted pH in run 1 which has been obtained in this study. The initial values for both COD and BOD5 of fresh leachate were extremely high compared with the stabilized landfill leachate. COD reduction rate for the batch (phase 1) and semi-continuous process (phase 2, run1 & 2) experiments were found 43, 37 and 52.7 % for period of 91, 27 and 30 days, respectively. These results clearly show that using seed sludge as an inoculum as well as pH adjustment indicated better efficiency in terms of COD removal in comparison to phase 1 and run1 (unadjusted pH). Maximum reduction in BOD5 occurred in run 2 (pH adjusted) with more than 90 % and 80-85 % for batch process at two ending points; day 53 and 91, respectively. The volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was a rapid indicator of the reactor’s stability. High concentration of VFA indicated that the reactor was unstable. It was apparent that as the total VFA concentration rose, the microbial population’s ability to utilize these compounds effectively was inhibited. The major acids produced were acid acetic (HAc), propionic (HPr) and butyric acids (HBu). The levels of HAc acid and HPr appeared to be the VFA species that accumulated and started to cause an imbalance in the reactor. Acetic and propionic acid have been accumulated in run 2 and their concentration increased to 39 and 5 % respectively, while n-butyric decreased about 46% in comparison to day 27 in run 1. All these cases show that anaerobic treatment in run 2 has been subjected to failure. In this study it was also found that with decrease in pH, decrease in amount of COD removal and increase in total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) was detected for run 1. TVFA was indicated at a range of 6000-9000 mg/L and 9000-10000 mg/L for run 1 and 2,respectively, which showed despite of adjusting pH above 7 still considerable accumulations of VFA was observed in the bioreactor. Therefore, it was concluded that the methanogenic population has not reached sufficient level to convert the organic acids produced from the acidogenic bacteria

Batch anaerobic treatment of fresh leachate from transfer station

Leachate from transfer station requires treatment before being discharged into the environment to avoid surface and underground water contamination. Various factors such as waste composition, availability of oxygen and moisture, designing and controlling of transfer station operations have been shown to affect the composition of the leachate. The high COD, BOD, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and heavy metals contents of fresh leachate are the main problems faced by leachate treatment operators. The result of the present study indicated that this process reduced the COD content by 43%.The average removal efficiencies of BOD5, TS, TSS, and VSS were 80, 49, 37 and 39 %, respectively

Effect of salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate on the production of rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid in callus culture of Salvia lerrifolia Benth

In this study, callus formation of Salvia leriifolia Benth by stem and leaf explants in the combination of NAA and 2,4-D with Kin and the effect of salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate elicitors (50, 100, 150 mM) in callus on some secondary metabolites were studied. NAA in combination with Kin had no callus production in   both of stem and leaf explants, while the most appropriate callus produced by leaf explant at a concentration of 1 mg/L Kin with 2 mg/L 2,4-D. The highest fresh and dry weight, total phenol and flavonoids content were observed in calluses treated with 100 μM of methylisammonate, however, with increasing salicylic acid concentration, fresh and dry weight, total phenol content, flavonoids, rosmarinic acid increased, and the highest content of rusamicin acid and caffeic acid was observed in calluses treated with 100 and 150 μM salicylic acid, respectively. According to the results, it is stated that, by optimizing the concentrations of the ellicetors, it is possible to produce the desired secondary metabolites of salvia in in vitro condition

Scanning electron microscopy, biochemical and enzymatic studies to evaluate hydro-priming and cold plasma treatment effects on the germination of Salvia leriifolia Benth. seeds

Finding a suitable method to increase seed germination rates of medicinal plants is critical to saving them from extinction. The effects of cold plasma (CP) treatments (using surface power densities of 80 and 100 W, with exposure times of 0, 120, 180, and 240 s) and incorporating hydropriming (carried out for 24 and 2 h on normal and uncovered seeds, respectively) to enhance the seed germination of Salvia leriifolia Benth a native endangered Iranian medicinal plant, were evaluated in this study. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images identified more destroyed mesh-like structures in hydro-primed and uncovered seeds than in normal and dry seeds. In comparison to the control, and other treatments, employing 100 W of CP for 240 s produced the maximum germination percentage and rate, as well as a seedling vigor of I and II in hydro-primed and uncovered seeds. The levels of α-amylase activity increased when the power and exposure times of CP were increased. The uncovering and hydropriming of S. leriifolia seeds resulted in increased enzyme activity. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents were enhanced by increasing the power and exposure time of CP, especially in uncovered and hydro-primed seeds. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), was correlated to changes in MDA and H2O2 levels. Finally, direct contact of CP with uncovered seeds in a short exposure time can improve the germination of S. leriifolia seeds via microscopic etching and activation of enzymes

Towards a standardization of biomethane potential tests

8 PáginasProduction of biogas from different organic materials is a most interesting source of renewable energy. The biomethane potential (BMP) of these materials has to be determined to get insight in design parameters for anaerobic digesters. A workshop was held in June 2015 in Leysin Switzerland to agree on common solutions to the conundrum of inconsistent BMP test results. A discussion covers actions and criteria that are considered compulsory ito accept and validate a BMP test result; and recommendations concerning the inoculum substrate test setup and data analysis and reporting ito obtain test results that can be validated and reproduced.The workshop in Leysin, Switzerland, has been financed by the Swiss Federal Office for Energy, and co-sponsored by Bioprocess Control Sweden AB, Lund, Sweden. The authors thank Alexandra Maria Murray for editing the English

Towards a standardization of biomethane potential tests

Production of biogas from different organic materials is a most interesting source of renewable energy. The biomethane potential (BMP) of these materials has to be determined to get insight in design parameters for anaerobic digesters. Although several norms and guidelines for BMP tests exist, inter-laboratory tests regularly show high variability of BMPs for the same substrate. A workshop was held in June 2015, in Leysin, Switzerland, with over 40 attendees from 30 laboratories around the world, to agree on common solutions to the conundrum of inconsistent BMP test results. This paper presents the consensus of the intense roundtable discussions and cross-comparison of methodologies used in respective laboratories. Compulsory elements for the validation of BMP results were defined. They include the minimal number of replicates, the request to carry out blank and positive control assays, a criterion for the test duration, details on BMP calculation, and last but not least criteria for rejection of the BMP tests. Finally, recommendations on items that strongly influence the outcome of BMP tests such as inoculum characteristics, substrate preparation, test setup, and data analysis are presented to increase the probability of obtaining validated and reproducible results.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Study and relocation of corals in developing area of Shahid Beheshty port, Chabahar

The conservation of coral colonies is very vital for marine organisms and human. In Chabahar Bay, the coral reefs are in danger of destruction due to the development program of Shahid Beheshti Port. In this project, over 30,000 hard corals were transported to coast of Hotel Lipar an area at a distance of 3.5-4 kms far from Shahid Beheshti Port. Also, the new techniques were used for coral reattachment and transportation. The operation has done within expert divers and consultancy of Prof. Dr. Maikle Risk. Four methods performance as pailots. Since the corals are very sensitive to turbidity and suspended sediments from land reclamation and dredging projects, therefore appropriate measures should be conducted for conservation and recovery of them.37 patches in size 5×10 meters has built with concerete. Diffent sizes of corals were separated by mechanical tools and transported to new sites and reattachment on artificial sea bottom.Three monthes after the last reattachments monitored showed that %96.93 of corals were in good health. This success was the important achievement because of innovating coral carrier and mass coral relocation. At present, the coral relocation is suggested as a good method for recovery of coral reefs after a disturbance in condition of their native habitats