9 research outputs found
Molecular phylogeny of part of the env gene of HIV-1 strains isolated in C\uf4te d'Ivoire
World Health Organization/HIVResNet drug resistance laboratory strategy
With rapidly increasing access to antiretroviral drugs globally, HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) has become a significant public health issue, This requires a coordinated and collaborative response from country level to international level to assess the extent of HIVDR and the establishment of efficient and evidence-based strategies to minimize its appearance and onward transmission. In parallel with the rollout of universal access to HIV treatment, countries are developing protocols based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) to measure, at a population level, both transmitted HIVDR and HIVDR emerging during treatment. The WHO in collaboration with international experts (HIVResNet Laboratory Working Group), has developed a laboratory strategy, which has the overall goal of delivering quality-assured HIV genotypic results on specimens derived from the HIVDR surveys. The results will be used to help control the emergence and spread of drug resistance and to guide decision makers on antiretroviral therapy policy at national, regional and global level. The HIVDR Laboratory Strategy developed by the WHO includes several key aspects: the formation of a global network of national, regional and specialized laboratories accredited to perform HIVDR testing using a common set of WHO standard and performance indicators; recommendations of acceptable methods for collection, handling, shipment and storage of specimens in field conditions; and the provision of laboratory technical support, capacity building and quality assurance for network laboratories. The WHO/HIVResNet HIVDR Laboratory Network has been developed along the lines of other successful laboratory networks coordinated by the WHO. As of August 2007, assessment for accreditation has been conducted in 30 laboratories, covering the WHO's African, South-East Asia, Western Pacific, and the Caribbean Regions
World Health Organization/HIVResNet drug resistance laboratory strategy
With rapidly increasing access to antiretroviral drugs globally, HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) has become a significant public health issue. This requires a coordinated and collaborative response from country level to international level to assess the extent of HIVDR and the establishment of efficient and evidence-based strategies to minimize its appearance and onward transmission. In parallel with the rollout of universal access to HIV treatment, countries are developing protocols based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) to measure, at a population level, both transmitted HIVDR and HIVDR emerging during treatment. The WHO in collaboration with international experts (HIVResNet Laboratory Working Group), has developed a laboratory strategy, which has the overall goal of delivering quality-assured HIV genotypic results on specimens derived from the HIVDR surveys. The results will be used to help control the emergence and spread of drug resistance and to guide decision makers on antiretroviral therapy policy at national, regional and global level. The HIVDR Laboratory Strategy developed by the WHO includes several key aspects: the formation of a global network of national, regional and specialized laboratories accredited to perform HIVDR testing using a common set of WHO standard and performance indicators; recommendations of acceptable methods for collection, handling, shipment and storage of specimens in field conditions; and the provision of laboratory technical support, capacity building and quality assurance for network laboratories. The WHO/HIVResNet HIVDR Laboratory Network has been developed along the lines of other successful laboratory networks coordinated by the WHO. As of August 2007, assessment for accreditation has been conducted in 30 laboratories, covering the WHO'S African, South-East Asia, Western Pacific, and the Caribbean Regions
Implementation of a National External Quality Assessment Program for Medical Laboratories in Burkina Faso
Global and regional molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, 1990â2015: a systematic review, global survey, and trend analysis
International audienceGlobal genetic diversity of HIV-1 is a major challenge to the development of HIV vaccines. We aimed to estimate the regional and global distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants during 1990â2015.We searched PubMed, EMBASE (Ovid), CINAHL (Ebscohost), and Global Health (Ovid) for HIV-1 subtyping studies published between Jan 1, 1990, and Dec 31, 2015. We collected additional unpublished HIV-1 subtyping data through a global survey. We included prevalence studies with HIV-1 subtyping data collected during 1990â2015. We grouped countries into 14 regions and analysed data for four time periods (1990â99, 2000â04, 2005â09, and 2010â15). The distribution of HIV-1 subtypes, circulating recombinant forms (CRFs), and unique recombinant forms (URFs) in individual countries was weighted according to the UNAIDS estimates of the number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in each country to generate regional and global estimates of HIV-1 diversity in each time period. The primary outcome was the number of samples designated as HIV-1 subtypes A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, CRFs, and URFs. The systematic review is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42017067164.This systematic review and global survey yielded 2203 datasets with 383â519 samples from 116 countries in 1990â2015. Globally, subtype C accounted for 46·6% (16â280â897/34â921â639 of PLHIV) of all HIV-1 infections in 2010â15. Subtype B was responsible for 12·1% (4â235â299/34â921â639) of infections, followed by subtype A (10·3%; 3â587â003/34â921â639), CRF02_AG (7·7%; 2â705â110/34â921â639), CRF01_AE (5·3%; 1â840â982/34â921â639), subtype G (4·6%; 1â591â276/34â921â639), and subtype D (2·7%; 926â255/34â921â639). Subtypes F, H, J, and K combined accounted for 0·9% (311â332/34â921â639) of infections. Other CRFs accounted for 3·7% (1â309â082/34â921â639), bringing the proportion of all CRFs to 16·7% (5â844â113/34â921â639). URFs constituted 6·1% (2â134â405/34â921â639), resulting in recombinants accounting for 22·8% (7â978â517/34â921â639) of all global HIV-1 infections. The distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants changed over time in countries, regions, and globally. At a global level during 2005â15, subtype B increased, subtypes A and D were stable, and subtypes C and G and CRF02_AG decreased. CRF01_AE, other CRFs, and URFs increased, leading to a consistent increase in the global proportion of recombinants over time.Global and regional HIV diversity is complex and evolving, and is a major challenge to HIV vaccine development. Surveillance of the global molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 remains crucial for the design, testing, and implementation of HIV vaccines
Global and regional molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, 1990-2015: a systematic review, global survey, and trend analysis
BACKGROUND: Global genetic diversity of HIV-1 is a major challenge to the development of HIV vaccines. We aimed to estimate the regional and global distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants during 1990-2015. METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE (Ovid), CINAHL (Ebscohost), and Global Health (Ovid) for HIV-1 subtyping studies published between Jan 1, 1990, and Dec 31, 2015. We collected additional unpublished HIV-1 subtyping data through a global survey. We included prevalence studies with HIV-1 subtyping data collected during 1990-2015. We grouped countries into 14 regions and analysed data for four time periods (1990-99, 2000-04, 2005-09, and 2010-15). The distribution of HIV-1 subtypes, circulating recombinant forms (CRFs), and unique recombinant forms (URFs) in individual countries was weighted according to the UNAIDS estimates of the number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in each country to generate regional and global estimates of HIV-1 diversity in each time period. The primary outcome was the number of samples designated as HIV-1 subtypes A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, CRFs, and URFs. The systematic review is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42017067164. FINDINGS: This systematic review and global survey yielded 2203 datasets with 383â519 samples from 116 countries in 1990-2015. Globally, subtype C accounted for 46·6% (16â280â897/34â921â639 of PLHIV) of all HIV-1 infections in 2010-15. Subtype B was responsible for 12·1% (4â235â299/34â921â639) of infections, followed by subtype A (10·3%; 3â587â003/34â921â639), CRF02_AG (7·7%; 2â705â110/34â921â639), CRF01_AE (5·3%; 1â840â982/34â921â639), subtype G (4·6%; 1â591â276/34â921â639), and subtype D (2·7%; 926â255/34â921â639). Subtypes F, H, J, and K combined accounted for 0·9% (311â332/34â921â639) of infections. Other CRFs accounted for 3·7% (1â309â082/34â921â639), bringing the proportion of all CRFs to 16·7% (5â844â113/34â921â639). URFs constituted 6·1% (2â134â405/34â921â639), resulting in recombinants accounting for 22·8% (7â978â517/34â921â639) of all global HIV-1 infections. The distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants changed over time in countries, regions, and globally. At a global level during 2005-15, subtype B increased, subtypes A and D were stable, and subtypes C and G and CRF02_AG decreased. CRF01_AE, other CRFs, and URFs increased, leading to a consistent increase in the global proportion of recombinants over time. INTERPRETATION: Global and regional HIV diversity is complex and evolving, and is a major challenge to HIV vaccine development. Surveillance of the global molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 remains crucial for the design, testing, and implementation of HIV vaccines. FUNDING: None.status: publishe