17 research outputs found
Πndothelial dysfunction due to sodium nitrite
In the report of the World Health Organization from 1990 to 2016 to this day, Ukraine continues to occupy first place in the European region in morbidity and mortality from diseases of the cardiovascular system. One of the predictors and key links in the development of CVD is endothelial dysfunction. In this work, it was shown that chronic loading with sodium nitrite provokes the development of oxidative stress (an increase in 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid), inflammation (an increase in the level of interleukin-1-beta, which, in turn, causes a sharp increase in iNOS activity), the development of endothelial dysfunction (increase in von Willebrand factor). L-arginine alone, and in conjunction with the drug βVin-Vitaβ cause a decrease in the negative effect of sodium nitrite
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ
Πndothelial dysfunction due to sodium nitrite
In the report of the World Health Organization from 1990 to 2016 to this day, Ukraine continues to occupy first place in the European region in morbidity and mortality from diseases of the cardiovascular system. One of the predictors and key links in the development of CVD is endothelial dysfunction. In this work, it was shown that chronic loading with sodium nitrite provokes the development of oxidative stress (an increase in 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid), inflammation (an increase in the level of interleukin-1-beta, which, in turn, causes a sharp increase in iNOS activity), the development of endothelial dysfunction (increase in von Willebrand factor). L-arginine alone, and in conjunction with the drug βVin-Vitaβ cause a decrease in the negative effect of sodium nitrite.</p
Study of indicators of endothelial dysfunction in rats with experimental peritonitis
Gutsulyuk V. G., Savytskyi I. V., Tsypoviaz S. V., Znamerovskyi S. G., Sarahan V. M., Gerasymenko T. V. Study of indicators of endothelial dysfunction in rats with experimental peritonitis. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(1):514-522. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.01.043
https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/41740
https://zenodo.org/record/7512638
The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 1, 2021. No. 32343.
Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences).
Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktΓ³w. ZaΕΔ
cznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 1 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159.
Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe:Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu).
Β© The Authors 2022;
This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Received: 05.01.2022. Revised: 21.01.2022. Accepted: 31.01.2022.
UDC 616.381-018.74
Study of indicators of endothelial dysfunction in rats with experimental peritonitis
V. G. Gutsulyuk, I. V. Savytskyi, S. V. Tsypoviaz, S. G. Znamerovskyi, V. M. Sarahan, T. V. Gerasymenko
International Academy of Ecology and Medicine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Correspondence author: Savytskyi Ivan Volodymyrovich, 65039, Odesa, Fountain road4-Π°/29, tel.+38050-381-21-83, [email protected]
Abstract
The article presents the results of the study of the activity of endothelial and inducible NO-synthase, the level of Willebrand factor and endothelin-1 in rats with experimental peritonitis. The most likely mechanism that is damaged in the endothelium during peritonitis is the activation of the synthesis of inducible NO-synthase by neutrophils/macrophages in response to infection. It is possible that hyperproduction of nitric oxide (NO), on the one hand, is aimed at destroying microflora and oxidizing toxins, and on the other hand, at suppressing the expression of tissue factor and cell adhesion molecules. platelet aggregation and cascade disorders in the hemostasis system. All this indicates that the hyperproduction of NO not only reflects the processes that occur in the focus of damage to the vascular endothelium, but also affects the severity of the inflammatory process and the outcome of the disease. In animals with experimental peritonitis on the background of OS, an increase in the number of circulating desquamated endothelial cells in the blood, which is a highly specific marker of endothelial dysfunction, was noted. The level of the Willebrand factor also increased, which can serve as a marker of increased risk of thrombus formation and indicate the pathogenetic dependence of the factors that damage the vascular wall endothelium on the concentration of the Willebrand factor, which contributes to the reduction of vascular permeability by adhesion of platelets to the endothelium. Confirmation of the development of endothelial dysfunction in peritonitis is an increase in the concentration of endothelin-1, which is a regulator of the process of vascular neoangiogenesis in response to endothelial damage.
Keywords: peritonitis; endothelial dysfunction; oxidative stress; Willebrand factor; pathogenesis
ΠΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅
Background. In industrial heating processes, scaling is a major problem especially when natural water is used as heat carrier. The world economic losses due to scaling are estimated to constitute billions of dollars per year, the development of efficient, environmentally friendly and cheap approaches for reduction of scaling is an actual task nowadays. Utilization of agro-food wastes as a renewable source of scale inhibitors for water treatment of cooling water systems is a promising alternative to the existing approaches. Objective. Three industry by-products, namely rapeseed pomace, sugar beet pulp and fodder radish cake, have been tested as scale inhibitors of mild steel in tap water. Methods. Ethanol extracts were prepared by maceration and the electrochemical approach to study the scale formation was utilized, based on the measurement of oxygen reduction current during nucleation and formation of calcium carbonate in the presence of extracts. Scaling time, porosity and area density of the scale was determined and used to characterize the inhibition efficiency. Chemical compositions of extracts were analysed by GC-MS analysis (gas chromatography with mass selective detector by mass selective integration). Results. The rapeseed pomace extract and fodder radish cake extract at the concentration of 10 mL/L appeared to be efficient scaling inhibitors. Sugar beet pulp extract increases the crystallization time, however the amount of deposited scale appeared to be the same as in the tap water. Conclusions. The scale inhibition is caused mainly by the formation of adsorbed film on the scale nucleus that blocks the surface and prevent further crystal growth. Natural extracts are a promising source of scale inhibitors due to their low price, efficiency and environmental safety.ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π£ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ
Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΉΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡ Ρ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΠΊ. Π’ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΊΠ° Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ½Π³ΡΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ² Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ½Π³ΡΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ² ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΊ ΡΠ½Π³ΡΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡΠ² Ρ
Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ: ΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡ, ΠΆΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΡ
ΠΈ Π· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΠ², ΡΠΊΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΄Ρ
ΡΠ΄, ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ³Π°Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΠ². ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ½Π³ΡΠ±ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΡ. Π₯ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΠ² Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π· ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ½Π³ΡΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡ ΡΠ° Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ 10 ΠΌΠ»/Π». ΠΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΠΆΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡΠΊΡ Π·Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ, Π°Π»Π΅ Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Ρ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΡ. ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π³ΡΠ±ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π°Π΄ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΡ, ΡΠΊΠ° Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ². ΠΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ½Π³ΡΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ² Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΡ
Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΊΡ ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ° Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ.ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π° Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ°ΡΠ΄Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π² Π²ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ: ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠ°, ΠΆΠΎΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΆΠΌΡΡ
Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄, ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠΈ. Π₯ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΆΠΌΡΡ
Π° ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ 10 ΠΌΠ» / Π». ΠΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΠΆΠΎΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ»Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠΈ. ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½ΠΎ, Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°Π΄ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π½Π° Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΏΠΈ Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
DESIGN OF PUBLICITY ACTIVITY FOR SPECIAL PURPOSE AIRLINE / SPECIALIOSIOS PASKIRTIES AVIAKOMPANIJOS REKLAMINΔS KAMPANIJOS MODELIAVIMAS
Antitrust Damages Actions in Ukraine: Current Situation and Perspectives
The article gives an overview of Ukrainian legislation and experiences concerning antitrust damages actions. The analysis has led to a number of conclusions: private claims are rare in Ukraine due to difficulties in obtaining evidence, high legal costs, and lacking confidence in the Ukrainian court system. The paper gives examples of Ukrainian private antitrust enforcement practice and provides a statistical analysis of the dynamics of βcompensatedβ damages caused by antitrust infringements in Ukraine. The value of βcompensatedβ damages is compared to the value of the economic effect of stopping antitrust infringements, as well as to the value of the overall welfare loss deriving from market power in the national economy. Finally, some new sources of damages caused by market power are discussed considering the development perspectives of this branch of antitrust activity
Multiplex PCR assay for detection of human interferon alpha2b gene in transgenic plants
During the last decade interferons are regarded as potent candidates for generation of plant-based edible vaccines because of broad spectrum of antiviral activities and adjuvant properties. Establishment and certification of numerous interferon producing plant systems requests development of fast and efficient multiplex PCR protocol for the transgene detection in GM plants. Here we represent a protocol for simultaneous amplification in one assay of fragments of hIFN alpha 2b gene and two control genes, namely virD1 of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and conservative region of plant actin gene.Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π°Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π‘ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½, Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ¦Π Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½Π° Π² Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π° Π°Π»ΡΡΠ°-2b Π² ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π³Π΅Π½Π° hINTΞ±2b ΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ², virD1 Agrobacterium tumefaciens ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ° Π³Π΅Π½Π° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.Π ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π· ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΉ Π°Π΄βΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ½Ρ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ. Π‘ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΠΊΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΡΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½, ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΊΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΉ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΠΠ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½Π° Π² Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
. Π ΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π° Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ°-2b Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ² Π³Π΅Π½Π° hINTΞ±2b Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ², virD1 Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½