Can a One-Item Mood Scale Do the Trick? Predicting Relapse over 5.5-Years in Recurrent Depression

To examine whether a simple Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS) is able to predict time to relapse over 5.5-years.187 remitted recurrently depressed out-patients were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and the 17-item Hamilton Depression rating scale (HAM-D) to verify remission status (HAM-D <10). All patients rated their current mood with the help of a Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS) at baseline and at a follow-up assessment three months later. Relapse over 5.5-years was assessed by the SCID-I. Cox regression revealed that both the VAMS at baseline and three months later significantly predicted time to relapse over 5.5-years. Baseline VAMS even predicted time to relapse when the number of previous depressive episodes and HAM-D scores were controlled for. The baseline VAMS explained 6.3% of variance in time to relapse, comparable to the HAM-D interview.Sad mood after remission appears to play a pivotal role in the course of depression. Since a simple VAMS predicted time to relapse, the VAMS might be an easy and time-effective way to monitor mood and risk of early relapse, and offers possibilities for daily monitoring using e-mail and SMS.International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Register Identifier: ISRCTN68246470

Полиция Таврической губернии на спаде революции (1906-1907 гг.)

Настоящая проблема до сего дня не стала предметом исторических исследований, а наша работа является лишь первым прикосновением к ней. Новизна статьи заключается в задействовании новых исторических источников. Изучение опыта прошлого века по сохранению в крае политической стабильности и гражданского спокойствия бесспорно актуально и вызывает живой интерес

Селянська реформа 1861 р. в контексті протиріч національних інтересів в Правобережній Україні

В статті розглядається взаємозалежний вплив реформи 1861 р. та процесів, що відбувалися в житті російської громадськості за умов лібералізму в політиці Олександра ІІ. Зокрема, конфронтація польсько-російсько-українських національних інтересів в Правобережній Україні.В статье рассматривается взаимозависимое влияние реформы 1861 г. и процессов, происходящих в жизни российской общественности в условиях либерализма в политике Александра II. В частности, конфронтация польско-российско-украинских национальных интересов в Правобережной Украине.The article considers the interdependent influence of the reform of 1861 and the processes, which occurred in the life of the Russian society in the conditions of liberalism in Alexander’s II policy. In particular, the confrontation of Polish-Russian-Ukrainian national interests in the Right-bank Ukraine is observed

A cognitive remediation training for young adults with psychotic disorders to support their participation in education - study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial

Background: Most severe mental disorders have their onset between the age of 17 and 27, a time when many young adults begin participating in secondary or post-secondary education. The cognitive deficits typically associated with psychiatric disorders, especially psychotic disorders, increase the risk of leaving school early, which can lead to a reduction in employment opportunities later on in life and, in turn, a poorer long-term prognosis. Therefore, specific interventions aiming to improve these cognitive functions are needed. Cognitive remediation (CR) aims to improve cognitive functioning and may increase real-world functioning in educational performance. This study aims to examine the feasibility and applicability of a CR training named Mindset for students with psychotic disorders in the Netherlands. Methods/design: Sixty students diagnosed with a psychotic disorder and currently reporting cognitive deficits will be included from four Dutch Mental Health Care institutes. Half of the participants (N = 30) will be randomly assigned to the CR training consisting of twelve, individual, weekly 1-h meetings. The other half will be assigned to an active control condition consisting of twelve weekly assignments that will be sent by email aiming to improve school performance. Students will be evaluated at baseline (T0), directly after finishing the CR training or control intervention (T1), and 6 months later (T2). Treatment feasibility will be the primary outcome, using evaluation forms, interviews with trainers and participants, number of study drop outs, and patient eligibility and recruitment rates. School functioning, cognitive functioning, and strategy use will also be assessed to get a preliminary idea of the potential effectiveness of the intervention. Discussion: The CR training in this study will provide real-world examples and exercises aimed to teach useful strategies to cope with the cognitive deficits experienced by students with psychotic disorders. Furthermore, since students with other psychiatric disorders might also experience cognitive deficits, the results of this study may also provide some further implications for future studies on the effect of this CR training for students with these disorders. Trial registration: The study was registered with Trialregister.nl, no. NL6590 (NTR6764), date registered: September 7, 2017. Register name: Mindset. A cognitive rehabilitation training for young adults with psychotic spectrum disorder in an educational setting: A pilot study.Protocol version: 3, date December 23, 2019

Disrupting the rhythm of depression: design and protocol of a randomized controlled trial on preventing relapse using brief cognitive therapy with or without antidepressants

Background: Maintenance treatment with antidepressants is the leading strategy to prevent relapse and recurrence in patients with recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD) who have responded to acute treatment with antidepressants (AD). However, in clinical practice most patients (up to 70-80%) are not willing to take this medication after remission or take too low dosages. Moreover, as patients need to take medication for several years, it may not be the most cost-effective strategy. The best established effective and available alternative is brief cognitive therapy (CT). However, it is unclear whether brief CT while tapering antidepressants (AD) is an effective alternative for long term use of AD in recurrent depression. In addition, it is unclear whether the combination of AD to brief CT is beneficial.Methods/design: Therefore, we will compare the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of brief CT while tapering AD to maintenance AD and the combination of CT with maintenance AD. In addition, we examine whether the prophylactic effect of CT was due to CT tackling illness related risk factors for recurrence such as residual symptoms or to its efficacy to modify presumed vulnerability factors of recurrence (e.g. rigid explicit and/or implicit dysfunctional attitudes). This is a multicenter RCT comparing the above treatment scenarios. Remitted patients on AD with at least two previous depressive episodes in the past five years (n = 276) will be recruited. The primary outcome is time related proportion of depression relapse/recurrence during minimal 15 months using DSM-IV-R criteria as assessed by the Structural Clinical Interview for Depression. Secondary outcome: economic evaluation (using a societal perspective) and number, duration and severity of relapses/recurrences.Discussion: This will be the first trial to investigate whether CT is effective in preventing relapse to depression in recurrent depression while tapering antidepressant treatment compared to antidepressant treatment alone and the combination of both. In addition, we explore explicit and implicit mediators of CT.Trial registration: Netherlands Trial Register (NTR): NTR1907

Beliefs about the causes of depression and recovery and their impact on adherence, dosage, and successful tapering of antidepressants

Background: Continuation of antidepressant medication (ADM) after remission is widely used to prevent depressive relapse/recurrence. Little is known about predictors of ADM use in terms of adherence, dosage, and successful tapering. The current study aimed to explore beliefs about the causes of depression and recovery (i.e., causal beliefs) and to examine whether they predict ADM use. Methods: The data were drawn from a controlled trial and an extension of this trial with additional experience sampling. In total, 289 remitted patients with recurrent depression (ADM ≥ 6 months) were randomly assigned to Preventive Cognitive Therapy (PCT) with ADM tapering, PCT with maintenance ADM, or maintenance ADM alone. Adherence, ADM dosage, and causal beliefs regarding the first and last depressive episodes were explored via questionnaires. Results: Most patients mentioned stressful life events as cause of depression, although more patients tended to endorse external causes for the first episode and internal causes for the last episode. ADM was most often mentioned as helpful during recovery from both episodes. Over half of all patients were adherent and under half of the patients in the tapering condition were able to complete the taper. Causal beliefs did not predict ADM use. Conclusions: The results suggest that causal beliefs play little role in the use of maintenance ADM. More information is needed on factors contributing to successful tapering. The results must be interpreted with caution as this is not a naturalistic study and the results might be biased toward a more favorable view regarding ADM

Cognitive reactivity, self-depressed associations, and the recurrence of depression

Background: Mixed evidence exists regarding the role of cognitive reactivity (CR; cognitive responsivity to a negative mood) as a risk factor for recurrences of depression. One explanation for the mixed evidence may lie in the number of previous depressive episodes. Heightened CR may be especially relevant as a risk factor for the development of multiple depressive episodes and less so for a single depressive episode. In addition, it is theoretically plausible but not yet tested that the relationship between CR and number of episodes is moderated by the strength of automatic depression-related self-associations. Aim: To investigate (i) the strength of CR in remitted depressed individuals with a history of a single vs. multiple episodes, and (ii) the potentially moderating role of automatic negative self-associations in the relationship between the number of episodes and CR. Method: Cross-sectional analysis of data obtained in a cohort study (Study 1) and during baseline assessments in two clinical trials (Study 2). Study 1 used data from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) and compared never-depressed participants (n=901) with remitted participants with either a single (n=336) or at least 2 previous episodes (n=273). Study 2 included only remitted participants with at least two previous episodes (n=273). The Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity Revised (LEIDS-R) was used to index CR and an Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure implicit self-associations. Results: In Study 1, remitted depressed participants with multiple episodes had significantly higher CR than those with a single or no previous episode. The remitted individuals with multiple episodes of Study 2 had even higher CR scores than those of Study 1. Within the group of individuals with multiple episodes, CR was not heightened as a function of the number of episodes, even if individual differences in automatic negative sell associations were taken into account. Limitations: The study employed a cross-sectional design, which precludes a firm conclusion with regard to the direction of this relationship. Conclusions: The findings are consistent with the view that high CR puts people at risk for recurrent depression and is less relevant for the development of an incidental depressive episode. This suggests that CR is an important target for interventions that aim to prevent the recurrence of depression. (C) 2015 Elsevier By. All rights reserved

Протектология программированой стратегической модернизации МНУЦ на основе кластер-сетей NOM, HET, RODON.

Присвячена формуванню інноваційної науки «ПРОТЕКТОЛОГІЯ ПРОГРАМОВАНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ІНЖЕНЕРНОЇ МНУЦ-КУЛЬТУРИ», що забезпечує превентивну стратегічну модернізацію менеджменту, тренувально-освітньої, науково-креативної діяльності МНУЦ (надбудова). Визначена архітектура тріадної кластер-мережі (NOM + HET + RODOM) підтримки процесів реінжинірингу цих діяльностей (базис).Paper is devoted to formation of innovative science «PROTECTOLOGY of the PROGRAMMED DEVELOPMENT of ENGINEERING IRTC-CULTURE», to preventive strategic modernization of management, training-educational and scientifically-creative activities of the International Research & Training Centre (superstructure). Triple architecture of cluster-network (NOM + HET + RODON) of reengineering activities (basis) are defined

Mood Reactivity Rather Than Cognitive Reactivity Is Predictive of Depressive Relapse:A Randomized Study With 5.5-Year Follow-Up

<p>Objective: The current study examined whether cognitive reactivity, cognitive extremity reactivity, and mood reactivity following mood provocation predicted relapse in depression over 5.5 years. Additionally, this study was the 1st to examine whether changes in cognitive reactivity and mood reactivity following preventive cognitive therapy (PCT) mediated the preventive effect of PCT on relapse. Method: One hundred eighty-seven remitted recurrently depressed outpatients were randomized over treatment as usual (TAU) versus TAU + PCT with 5.5-year follow-up. Relapse in depression was assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (Spitzer, Williams, Gibbon, & First, 1990). Results: Mood reactivity predicted time to relapse over 5.5 years. We found no evidence that cognitive reactivity was a risk factor for relapse in depression. Moreover, unprimed dysfunctional beliefs predicted relapse directly. There was no indication of mediation by changes in cognitive reactivity (including extremity of the beliefs and unprimed beliefs) or mood reactivity on the preventive effect of PCT. Further, explorative analyses revealed that increases in cognitive and mood reactivity over time also predicted time to relapse. Conclusions: Our findings highlight a need to focus on mood reactivity instead of beliefs as a risk factor for relapse in depression. Similar to a previous study, we found no indications that cognitive therapy after remission reduced dysfunctional beliefs, cognitive reactivity, or extremity. Future studies should examine cognitive reactivity and mood reactivity in daily life as predictors of relapse.</p>