Development of a fluidic sensor for the detection of herbicides using thylakoid preparations immobilised on magnetic beads to aid regenerability

Following the industrial revolution and advances in chemical science, the pollution of the environment with trace organic pollutants has been steadily increasing, which is of concern, due to their effect on the environmental and human health. Tighter legislation that has been introduced in order to minimise the release of harmful pollutants has led to the initiation of monitoring programmes. For example, drinking water suppliers are obliged to systematically monitor drinking water supplied for human consumption for a large range of pollutants. The same applies for waste water treatment facilities. The well-established standard methods of environmental waters analysis require sampling and transportation of samples to the laboratory for detailed measurements. Therefore, the timescale from sampling to reporting is not ideal, as a considerable lag occurs. There is therefore the potential for the use of in situ methods that overcome this issue. As these do not currently exist, a need to address this is identified. Biosensors are sensing devices that rely on a biologically-derived component as an integral part of their detection mechanism. Biosensors that respond to pollutants could be used for rapid, low cost, field-based pre-screening of water samples. Herbicides are considered to be the most important class of pesticides used in the E.U. Herbicides can be highly toxic for human and animal health, and increase in the application of herbicides in agriculture during recent decades has resulted in immense pollution of both soil and water. About half of the herbicides used at present in agriculture inhibit the light reactions in photosynthesis, mostly by targeting the Photosystem II (PSII) complex. A method of detecting certain classes of herbicides is therefore proposed; the photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides act by binding to PS II, a chlorophyll– protein complex which plays a vital role in photosynthesis, located in the thylakoid membrane of algae, cyanobacteria and higher plants. The inhibition of PS II causes a reduced photoinduced production of hydrogen peroxide, which can be measured by the HRP-mediated luminol chemiluminescence reaction. The design and development of a fluidic sensor unit for the detection of such herbicides, based upon their inhibition of the hydrogen peroxide production, will employ the use of superparamagnetic beads in order to address issues of reuse and regenerability. The illumination-dependent production of hydrogen peroxide by isolated thylakoids, and its inhibition by herbicides in a concentration-dependent manner, were achieved and measured with the HRP-mediated chemiluminescence reaction with luminol in a cuvette, batch format, allowing for the detection of herbicides down to 6.0 x 10-09.The integration of the above reactions has been achieved by designing and constructing a fluidic unit that combines the herbicide-dependent production and the detection of hydrogen peroxide in a single fluidic assay by combining all the individual steps in a compact, portable format, with both HRP and thylakoids covalently coupled on superparamagnetic beads. This addresses issues of regenerability, as the beads are introduced, used and discarded following a measurement, controlled only by magnetic and flow forces. Herbicide detection was achieved to a lower LOD of 5.5 x 10-10 M. The concept development, design and construction of the fluidic unit, as well as results of the detection of herbicides with the batch assay method has been published, in a paper by the author (Talanta, 2008, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 42-47), Considerable progress has therefore been made towards developing a system that would be suitable for automated, field deployment applications for the detection of the most frequently used classes of herbicides; the lower LOD however is not within the stringent legislated maximum permissible limits set for herbicides measured in water, in European waters. An immediate step forward would be to achieve the required lower LOD, with the unit's development into a prototype instrument that can be field deployed being the further goal.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Helium-3 blankets for tritium breeding in fusion reactors

It is concluded that He-3 blankets offers considerable promise for tritium breeding in fusion reactors: good breeding potential, low operational risk, and attractive safety features. The availability of He-3 resources is the key issue for this concept. There is sufficient He-3 from decay of military stockpiles to meet the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor needs. Extraterrestrial sources of He-3 would be required for a fusion power economy

Adaptive diversity of beech seedlings under climate change scenarios

The ability of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) populations to adapt to the ongoing climate change is especially important in the southern part of Europe, where environmental change is expected to be more intense. In this study, we tested the existing adaptive potential of eight beech populations from two provenances in N.E. Greece (Evros and Drama) that show differences in their environmental conditions and biogeographical background. Seedling survival, growth and leaf phenological traits were selected as adaptive traits and were measured under simulated controlled climate change conditions in a growth chamber. Seedling survival was also tested under current conditions in the field. In the growth chamber, simulated conditions of temperature and precipitation for the year 2050 were applied for 3 years, under two different irrigation schemes, where the same amount of water was distributed either frequently (once every week) or non-frequently (once in 20 days). The results showed that beech seedlings were generally able to survive under climate change conditions and showed adaptive differences among provenances and populations. Furthermore, changes in the duration of the growing season of seedlings were recorded in the growth chamber, allowing them to avoid environmental stress and high selection pressure. Differences were observed between populations and provenances in terms of temporal distribution patterns of precipitation and temperature, rather than the average annual or monthly values of these measures. Additionally, different adaptive strategies appeared among beech seedlings when the same amount of water was distributed differently within each month. This indicates that the physiological response mechanisms of beech individuals are very complex and depend on several interacting parameters. For this reason, the choice of beech provenances for translocation and use in afforestation or reforestation projects should consider the small scale ecotypic diversity of the species and view multiple environmental and climatic parameters in connection to each other

The Gifted Rating Scales - School Form in Greek elementary and middle school learners: a closer insight into their psychometric characteristics

The Gifted Rating Scales - School Form (GRS-S), an evaluation tool for the identification of gifted elementary and middle school children, was the subject of the current study, which focused on its psychometric features (internal consistency reliability and structural validity). Four hundred and eighty-nine teachers (342 women, 139 men, and 8 without gender declaration) used the GRS-S to estimate the dimensions of giftedness in their students for the current study. Particularly, 489 children (253 girls and 236 boys) were evaluated by their teachers. Eight elementary and middle school classes and sixteen 6-month age bands were used to stratify the student population. The scales’ outstanding internal consistency and good factorial validity were revealed by statistical analyses (EFA, CFA, and Cronbach’s coefficients). According to the current research findings, the GRS-S as a reliable and valid assessment tool for identifying gifted students (by their teachers) within the Greek cultural environment

Development of a fluidic sensor for the detection of herbicides using thylakoid preparations immobilised on magnetic beads to aid regenerability

Following the industrial revolution and advances in chemical science, the pollution of the environment with trace organic pollutants has been steadily increasing, which is of concern, due to their effect on the environmental and human health. Tighter legislation that has been introduced in order to minimise the release of harmful pollutants has led to the initiation of monitoring programmes. For example, drinking water suppliers are obliged to systematically monitor drinking water supplied for human consumption for a large range of pollutants. The same applies for waste water treatment facilities. The well-established standard methods of environmental waters analysis require sampling and transportation of samples to the laboratory for detailed measurements. Therefore, the timescale from sampling to reporting is not ideal, as a considerable lag occurs. There is therefore the potential for the use of in situ methods that overcome this issue. As these do not currently exist, a need to address this is identified. Biosensors are sensing devices that rely on a biologically-derived component as an integral part of their detection mechanism. Biosensors that respond to pollutants could be used for rapid, low cost, field-based pre-screening of water samples. Herbicides are considered to be the most important class of pesticides used in the E.U. Herbicides can be highly toxic for human and animal health, and increase in the application of herbicides in agriculture during recent decades has resulted in immense pollution of both soil and water. About half of the herbicides used at present in agriculture inhibit the light reactions in photosynthesis, mostly by targeting the Photosystem II (PSII) complex. A method of detecting certain classes of herbicides is therefore proposed; the photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides act by binding to PS II, a chlorophyll– protein complex which plays a vital role in photosynthesis, located in the thylakoid membrane of algae, cyanobacteria and higher plants. The inhibition of PS II causes a reduced photoinduced production of hydrogen peroxide, which can be measured by the HRP-mediated luminol chemiluminescence reaction. The design and development of a fluidic sensor unit for the detection of such herbicides, based upon their inhibition of the hydrogen peroxide production, will employ the use of superparamagnetic beads in order to address issues of reuse and regenerability. The illumination-dependent production of hydrogen peroxide by isolated thylakoids, and its inhibition by herbicides in a concentration-dependent manner, were achieved and measured with the HRP-mediated chemiluminescence reaction with luminol in a cuvette, batch format, allowing for the detection of herbicides down to 6.0 x 10-09.The integration of the above reactions has been achieved by designing and constructing a fluidic unit that combines the herbicide-dependent production and the detection of hydrogen peroxide in a single fluidic assay by combining all the individual steps in a compact, portable format, with both HRP and thylakoids covalently coupled on superparamagnetic beads. This addresses issues of regenerability, as the beads are introduced, used and discarded following a measurement, controlled only by magnetic and flow forces. Herbicide detection was achieved to a lower LOD of 5.5 x 10-10 M. The concept development, design and construction of the fluidic unit, as well as results of the detection of herbicides with the batch assay method has been published, in a paper by the author (Talanta, 2008, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 42-47), Considerable progress has therefore been made towards developing a system that would be suitable for automated, field deployment applications for the detection of the most frequently used classes of herbicides; the lower LOD however is not within the stringent legislated maximum permissible limits set for herbicides measured in water, in European waters. An immediate step forward would be to achieve the required lower LOD, with the unit's development into a prototype instrument that can be field deployed being the further goal

Changes in Watering Frequency Stimulate Differentiated Adaptive Responses among Seedlings of Different Beech Populations

Seasonality, rather than annual precipitation levels, is expected to affect the adaptive responses of plant populations under future climate change. To estimate adaptive traits’ variation, we conducted a common garden experiment with two beech populations from contrasting climatic origins (Evros with longer drought intervals during summer and higher precipitation seasonality, and Drama representing a more temperate ecosystem). We simulated two different watering treatments (frequent vs. non-frequent) on beech seedlings, according to predicted monthly precipitation levels expected to prevail in 2050 by the CSIRO MK3.6 SRESA1B model, considering as reference area a natural beech stand in Mt. Rodopi, Greece. A series of morphological and stem anatomical traits were measured. Seedling survival was greater for the Evros population compared to that of Drama under non-frequent watering, while no difference in survival was detected under frequent watering. Leaf morphological traits were not generally affected by watering frequency except for leaf circularity, which was found to be lower under non-frequent watering for both populations. Stomata density in leaves was found to be higher in the Evros population and lower in the Drama population under non-frequent watering than frequent. Stem anatomical traits were higher under non-frequent watering for Evros but lower for the Drama population. Multivariate analyses clearly discriminated populations under non-frequent rather than frequent watering, indicating genetic adaptation to the population’s environment of origin

Genetic variability of adaptive traits in beech

SummaryThe thesis’ objective was to investigate the differences in adaptive traits among eight beech sites, four from each of the Evros and Drama regions of North Greece. Previous and parallel published research suggested the postglacial origin of those sites and also described the patterns of genetic diversity both between and within sites. Research included the collection of leaf and seed samples from all sites. Subsequently, several morphological traits of leaves and seeds and ecophysiological traits of seeds were measured. In addition, seedlings were produced from seeds collected from all sites. Seedling survival was studied in common garden experiments involving two separate designs. The first one involved climate change simulation, while the second one involved seedling survival testing in field conditions.In the leaf samples collected from mother trees, leaf area, leaf perimeter, leaf dry weight, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, and petiole dry weight were measured. The stomatal density for the abaxial leaf surface was also calculated. Cold and wet stratification was applied to collected seeds in order to break dormancy. During germination, the percentage of normal germinants, the germination value, the mean germination time, and the germination skewness were calculated. The length, height, width, surface area, perimeter, circularity and various ratios of the collected seeds were also measured. Finally, the seed shape index was estimated.In the first common garden experiment, seedlings were placed in growth chambers under simulated conditions of temperature and precipitation for the year 2050, with Granitis area, Drama, as reference point. Temperature and precipitation simulation data were extracted by the model CSIRO MK3 using scenario A1B. In both experimental years, the predicted by the model monthly precipitation for the year 2050, was used, converted into volumetric water content. The applied irrigation scheme included two different scenarios: seedlings were irrigated in 7 or 20-day intervals. Measurements of the height, leaf phenology, and survival of the seedlings were taken.The second common garden experiment aimed to assess the survival of seedlings from both regions under natural conditions. Seedlings were produced from seeds collected from all sites in both the studied regions. The newly emerged seedlings were then transplanted under a beech stand of 0.8 canopy cover at Granitis, Drama. A total of 480 seedlings (2 seedlings/family/site) were planted and their survival was monitored twice a year (during autumn and spring) for two years in total.The effect of geographical region was significant only on leaf circularity and leaf dry matter content. Additionally, the maternal environmental factors explained a small amount of the total variance in the leaf traits. On the other hand, the effect of site was significant on all the studied traits, a fact strongly suggesting a high between-population plasticity in the studied leaf traits. The observed significant intra-population variability in leaf circularity, combined with published genetic data for the studied sites, might imply phylogenetic differences. In contrast to leaf morphological traits, the effect of geographical region was significant on seed traits (both morphological and ecophysiological). RDA analysis of maternal environmental factors explained a higher amount of variation in the ecophysiological than in the morphological traits. Among maternal environmental factors, the highest proportion of variance was explained by precipitation in both trait categories. The effect of geographical region and site was significant on both morphological and ecophysiological seed traits. The maternal environmental factors, most importantly mean precipitation height, explained a higher amount of variance for the ecophysiological than the morphological seed traits.In morphological seed traits, the family effect was found significant on circularity, surface area ratios, and height to dry weight of seeds. This coincides with published results of molecular genetics analyses from the same sites. Additionally, it was found that the EVROS_4 site had similar values in the most morphological traits with those of the sites of the Drama region, a finding consistent with the common lineage of EVROS_4 and DRAMA_4 sites. In the ecophysiological seed traits, the family effect was found significant only on germination time parameters, a finding similar to published results of molecular genetics analyses from the same sites. Ecophysiological seed trait analysis clearly discriminated the two geographic regions, suggesting genetic adaptation. In the first common garden experiment, involving climate change simulation, the irrigation scenarios significantly affected all seedling traits. Seedlings developed under long irrigation intervals grew higher and delayed bud burst than those under short irrigation intervals, in both experimental years.High between-year phenological plasticity was found for all sites, under both irrigation scenarios. Bud burst initiated earlier in seedlings from the Drama region and later in seedlings from Evros during the second year of experiment. On the other hand, seedlings from both regions had earlier leaf senescence during the second year of the experiment. The growth period was shorter in the second than in the first experimental year at both regions and irrigation scenarios. However different pattern was observed between provenances. Seedlings from Drama region sites presented an earlier shift in the onset of growing period.Seedling survival was found to be higher under frequent than non-frequent irrigation (long irrigation interval). Under frequent irrigation, differences were not significant among sites at both regions. On the other hand, under non-frequent irrigation significant differences were found among sites, with survival being higher for seedlings from the EVROS_1 and EVROS_2 sites than for seedlings from all other sites.In the second common garden experiment under natural conditions, higher survival was observed for seedlings from the local sites of Drama. However EVROS_3 and EVROS_4, but not EVROS_1 and EVROS_2, displayed survival rates similar to those of seedlings from the Drama sites.It becomes clear from this research that beech is a species well adapted genetically to the area being developed, demonstrating specialization in environmental change even at small spatial scales. However, it remains to be seen whether the existing genetic and physiological adaptation mechanisms are adequate for the survival of the species, in the southern limits of its distribution, under the upcoming climate change.ΠερίληψηΣτην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή ερευνήθηκε η ύπαρξη διαφορών στους χαρακτήρες προσαρμογής πληθυσμών οκτώ διαφορετικών θέσεων οξιάς, προερχόμενων από δύο διαφορετικές γεωγραφικές προελεύσεις της βόρειας Ελλάδας (τέσσερις προέλευσης Έβρου και τέσσερις προέλευσης Δράμας). Για τις θέσεις αυτές, από προηγούμενες και παράλληλες έρευνες, υπάρχουν δημοσιευμένες πληροφορίες για την μεταπαγετώδη καταγωγή των πληθυσμών τους καθώς και για τα πρότυπα γενετικής ποικιλότητας μεταξύ και εντός των θέσεων. Η έρευνα περιελάμβανε δειγματοληψία φύλλων από όλες τις θέσεις στα οποία μετρήθηκαν μορφολογικά χαρακτηριστικά και σπερμάτων στα οποία μετρήθηκαν μορφολογικά και οικοφυσιολογικά χαρακτηριστικά. Επίσης, με φυτάρια που παρήχθησαν από συλλεχθέντα σπέρματα όλων των θέσεων, πραγματοποιήθηκαν έλεγχοι κοινού περιβάλλοντος με δυο διακριτά πειράματα. Ο πρώτος έλεγχος αφορούσε προσομοίωση κλιματικής αλλαγής και ο δεύτερος αφορούσε έλεγχο επιβίωσης σε συνθήκες υπαίθρου.Στα φύλλα που συλλέχθηκαν από όλες τις θέσεις σε μητρικά άτομα, έγιναν μετρήσεις της επιφάνειας και της περιμέτρου, του ξηρού βάρους, της ειδικής φυλλικής επιφάνειας, της αναλογίας περιεχόμενης ξηρής βιομάζας, του ξηρού βάρους του μίσχου και της πυκνότητας στομάτων της κάτω επιφάνειας των φύλλων.Στα συλλεχθέντα σπέρματα πραγματοποιήθηκε υγρή-ψυχρή στρωμάτωση για την διακοπή του λήθαργου. Έγινε προσδιορισμός του ποσοστού κανονικής και μη κανονικής ταχύτητας φύτρωσης καθώς και των παραμέτρων του χρόνου και της ασυμμετρίας φύτρωσης. Επίσης, έγινε μέτρηση του μήκους, πλάτους και ύψους της προβαλλόμενης επιφάνειας, της περιμέτρου, της κυκλικότητας των σπερμάτων και υπολογίστηκαν επιμέρους αναλογίες καθώς και ο δείκτης σχήματος. Ο πρώτος έλεγχος κοινού περιβάλλοντος αφορούσε σε φυτάρια που τοποθετήθηκαν σε θαλάμους ανάπτυξης, στους οποίους οι θερμοκρασίες και τα μηνιαία ύψη βροχής ήταν προσομοίωση κλιματικής αλλαγής σε συνθήκες του 2050, έχοντας ως περιοχή αναφοράς το Γρανίτη Δράμας. Η προσομοίωση των θερμοκρασιών και των μέσων μηνιαίων υψών βροχής βασίστηκε στο μοντέλο CSIRO MK3 (σενάριο μοντέλου A1B). Στους θαλάμους τα φυτάρια αρδεύονταν με τα μηνιαία κατακρημνίσματα του 2050, για τα οποία εφαρμόστηκαν δύο επιμέρους σενάρια άρδευσης με διαφορετικά χρονικά διαστήματα μεταξύ των αρδεύσεων (7 και 20 ημέρες). Σε αυτόν τον έλεγχο ερευνήθηκε η επίδραση των διαφορετικών σεναρίων άρδευσης στο ύψος των φυταρίων, στη φαινολογία και στην επιβίωση τους.Ο δεύτερος έλεγχος κοινού περιβάλλοντος, σε συνθήκες υπαίθρου στην περιοχή του Γρανίτη Δράμας, είχε στόχο τη διερεύνηση της επιβίωσης των φυταρίων των δύο προελεύσεων. Φυτάρια που παρήχθησαν από συλλεχθέντα σπέρματα όλων των θέσεων, φυτεύτηκαν σε περιφραγμένη έκταση κάτω από συστάδα οξιάς με βαθμό συγκόμωσης 0,8. Φυτευτήκαν συνολικά 480 φυτάρια (2 φυτάρια/οικογένεια/θέση μελέτης) για τα οποία γινόταν λήψη των μετρήσεων επιβίωσης για δύο έτη (1ο δεκαπενθήμερο του Οκτωβρίου και 2ο δεκαπενθήμερο του Απριλίου).Στους μορφολογικούς χαρακτήρες των φύλλων βρέθηκε σημαντική επίδραση της γεωγραφικής προέλευσης μονό για την κυκλικότητα και την αναλογία περιεχόμενης ξηρής βιομάζας των φύλλων. Επιπλέον, το ποσοστό επεξήγησης των μορφολογικών χαρακτήρων από τους περιβαλλοντικούς παράγοντες της προέλευσης ήταν μικρό. Ωστόσο, η επίδραση της θέσης βρέθηκε σημαντική, γεγονός που δείχνει την πλαστικότητα των χαρακτήρων μεταξύ των επιμέρους θέσεων. Βρέθηκε, επίσης, σημαντική ποικιλότητα εντός των θέσεων στην παράμετρο της κυκλικότητας των φύλλων, το οποίο ενισχύει δημοσιευμένα συμπεράσματα, ότι πιθανόν πρόκειται για γνώρισμα που δείχνει φυλογενετικές διαφορές.Η επίδραση της γεωγραφικής προέλευσης και της θέσης στους χαρακτήρες των σπερμάτων (οικοφυσιολογικούς και μορφολογικούς) βρέθηκε σημαντική. Το ποσοστό επεξήγησης των περιβαλλοντικών παραγόντων προέλευσης, κυρίως το μέσο ετήσιο ύψος βροχής, στη διαμόρφωση των χαρακτήρων ήταν μεγαλύτερο για τους οικοφυσιολογικούς και μικρότερο για τους μορφολογικούς χαρακτήρες. Στους μορφολογικούς χαρακτήρες η επίδραση της οικογένειας (φαινότυπου) βρέθηκε στατιστικά σημαντική στη διαμόρφωση της κυκλικότητας των σπερμάτων καθώς και των αναλογιών της προβαλλόμενης επιφάνειας και του ύψους προς το ξηρό βάρος, συμβαδίζοντας με τα αποτελέσματα των γενετικών αναλύσεων με μοριακούς δείκτες. Οι τιμές της θέσης ΕΒΡΟΣ_4 είναι παρόμοιες με τις αντίστοιχες των θέσεων της Δράμας στους περισσότερους μορφολογικούς χαρακτήρες και δείχνει να συμβαδίζει με το πρότυπο της μεταπαγετώδους καταγωγής της. Στους οικοφυσιολογικούς χαρακτήρες των σπερμάτων η επίδραση της οικογένειας αποδείχθηκε σταστικά σημαντική μόνο στις παραμέτρους του χρόνου φύτρωσης. Προέκυψε σαφής διαχωρισμός των γεωγραφικών προελεύσεων, για το σύνολο των οικοφυσιολογικών χαρακτήρων, που δείχνει γενετική προσαρμογή. Στον πρώτο έλεγχο κοινού περιβάλλοντος, που αφορούσε προσομοίωση κλιματικής αλλαγής και δύο επιμέρους σενάρια άρδευσης, βρέθηκε ότι η άρδευση επηρέασε σημαντικά όλους τους χαρακτήρες. Τα φυτάρια, κάτω από αραιή άρδευση, είχαν μεγαλύτερο ύψος και παρουσίασαν καθυστέρηση στην έκπτυξη των φύλλων και τα δύο έτη του ελέγχου σε σχέση με τα αντίστοιχα κάτω από συχνή άρδευση.Παρατηρήθηκε πλαστικότητα στους χαρακτήρες φαινολογίας, μεταξύ των θέσεων και προελεύσεων και στα δύο σενάρια άρδευσης μεταξύ των ετών. Στην έκπτυξη των φύλλων παρατηρήθηκε, το δεύτερο έτος, πρωϊμότερη έκπτυξη των φύλλων στα φυτάρια που προήλθαν από σπέρματα των θέσεων της Δράμας και καθυστέρηση στην έκπτυξη των φύλλων στα φυτάρια που προήλθαν από σπέρματα των θέσεων του Έβρου. Αντίθετα, η γήρανση των φύλλων έρχεται νωρίτερα το δεύτερο έτος και για τις δυο προελεύσεις. Η διάρκεια της αυξητικής περιόδου ήταν μικρότερη το δεύτερο έτος σε σύγκριση με το πρώτο έτος στα φυτάρια που προήλθαν από όλες τις θέσεις προέλευσης. Παρατηρήθηκε όμως διαφορετικό μοτίβο μεταξύ των προελεύσεων με τις θέσεις της Δράμας να μετατοπίζουν νωρίτερα την αυξητική τους περίοδο.Η επιβίωση των φυταρίων ήταν μεγαλύτερη κάτω από τη συχνή άρδευση σε σύγκριση με την αραιή άρδευση. Στην συχνή άρδευση δεν βρέθηκαν διαφορές στην επιβίωση μεταξύ των φυταρίων που προήλθαν από σπέρματα όλων των θέσεων. Αντίθετα, στο σενάριο αραιής άρδευσης παρατηρήθηκαν διαφορές στην επιβίωση μεταξύ των φυταρίων. Η επιβίωση ήταν μεγαλύτερη στα φυτάρια των θέσεων ΕΒΡΟΣ_1 και ΕΒΡΟΣ_2.Στην επιβίωση στο κοινό περιβάλλον υπαίθρου παρατηρήθηκαν υψηλότερα ποσοστά επιβίωσης των φυταρίων που προήλθαν από σπέρματα των θέσεων Δράμας. Ωστόσο, τα φυτάρια των θέσεων ΕΒΡΟΣ_3 και ΕΒΡΟΣ_4 παρουσίασαν παρόμοια ποσοστά επιβίωσης με αυτά των φυταρίων της Δράμας.Φαίνεται, όπως προκύπτει από την παρούσα έρευνα, ότι η οξιά είναι είδος πολύ καλά προσαρμοσμένο γενετικά στο χώρο που αναπτύσσεται, επιδεικνύοντας εξειδίκευση σε περιβαλλοντικές μεταβολές ακόμα και σε μικρή χωρική κλίμακα. Ωστόσο, μένει να αποδειχθεί αν οι υφιστάμενοι μηχανισμοί γενετικής και φυσιολογικής προσαρμογής επαρκούν για την επιβίωση του είδους στο νότιο όριο της εξάπλωσής του κάτω από την επερχόμενη κλιματική αλλαγή

Spectroscopic investigation of AgI-doped borate glasses

Journal URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0167273