PASSIVE HEMAGGLUTINATION REACTION AFTER BOYDEN IN ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS WITH EXPERIMENTAL MYOCARDITIS

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Computational equivalence of the two inequivalent spinor representations of the braid group in the Ising topological quantum computer

We demonstrate that the two inequivalent spinor representations of the braid group \B_{2n+2}, describing the exchanges of 2n+2 non-Abelian Ising anyons in the Pfaffian topological quantum computer, are equivalent from computational point of view, i.e., the sets of topologically protected quantum gates that could be implemented in both cases by braiding exactly coincide. We give the explicit matrices generating almost all braidings in the spinor representations of the 2n+2 Ising anyons, as well as important recurrence relations. Our detailed analysis allows us to understand better the physical difference between the two inequivalent representations and to propose a process that could determine the type of representation for any concrete physical realization of the Pfaffian quantum computer.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, published versio

Mathematical Formula of a Cone Model Used for Calculation of Snail Shell Volume

Problem statement: There are many species of Helix snails, each with its own unique exoskeleton shape, or shell shape. Principal analysis of measurement data from snail shells occupied by Helix points out the importance of the description and quantification of the snail shells. The present paper is aimed to compare some of the formulas in the literature used to determine the volume of snail shape. Hypothesis: The methods and formulae which exist do not reflect the real shell volume (at least not precisely enough) but rather use the external measurement and on that basis they draw conclusions for the biomass and the development stage. Organisms: 142 species of the Turkish snail (Helix lucorum). Approach: The purpose of this study is to improve and to offer a much better and accurate formula for calculations of the shell volume. Conclusion: Our results support the usage of the formulae, and confirm some of these formulas while disproving others. As a result we developed a formula which takes into consideration the varying shape and thickness of the shell and reflects the real shell volume in most of the cases

ТНЕ EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON ТНЕ OCCURRENCE AND ТНЕ COURSE OF EXPERIMENTAL MYOCARDIТIS AND ARTHRIТIS

Тhе effect of the hypophysis and its hormones on the course of various pathological processes has been and still is the object of clinical and expeгirnental studies.Numeгous investigations confirm the role of the pituitary hormоnеs аnd particularly of АСТН in the course of diverse collagen disorders аnd their experimental models. These studies have given us grounds to initiate а follo1w-up study of the effect of hypophyssctomy on experimental myocarditis and arthritis in rats.Experiments wеге caгried out with 51 albino rats approximately identical in age аnd weight (between 130 and 180 g). The animals were divided into two groups: а control one (12 rats) and аn experimental оnе (39 rats).  At the begining of the experiments the animals from the latter group were subjected to hypophysectomy via paratracheal route. After the postoperative period was оvег (5 to 7 days оn the average) an electrocardiogram was made. Immediately after that а suspension of hemolytic streptococcus was intravenously administered after the method previously describled bу us. During the whole time of the ехрегiшепt the animals were clinically observed as regards their general condition, the status of their limbs, the рrеsеnсе of oedema ог erythema of the joints. EKG examinations wеге repeated twice in the intervals between the separate injections with streptococcus hemolyticus. Two weeks after the last injection (with streptococcus hemolyticus) the гats wеге killed with ether. All were dissected, biopsy material being taken fгоm the heart and the involved joints. Materials wеге fixed in 10% neutral formalin аnd were processed after the paгaffine and the freezing method: the slides wеrе stained with hemalaun-eosine, toluidineblue and Sudan III. The animals which died bеfоге the еnd of the experiments wеrе also dissected, biopsy material being also taken. А total of 620 histologic preparations were made from the myocardium and the involved joints

Solving advection equations by applying the crank-nicolson scheme combined with the richardson extrapolation

Advection equations appear often in large-scale mathematical models arising in many fields of science and engineering. The Crank-Nicolson scheme can successfully be used in the numerical treatment of such equations. The accuracy of the numerical solution can sometimes be increased substantially by applying the Richardson Extrapolation. Two theorems related to the accuracy of the calculations will be formulated and proved in this paper. The usefulness of the combination consisting of the Crank-Nicolson scheme and the Richardson Extrapolation will be illustrated by numerical examples. Copyright Zahari Zlatev et al

Craniofacial morphology in individuals with increasing severity of hypodontia

Introduction: Tooth agenesis has an impact on craniofacial morphology. The aim of this study was to investigate the craniofacial morphology of individuals with increasing severity of hypodontia in Macedonian population. Materials and methods: The material comprised X - rays (OPG and profile) of 60 patients with congenitally missing teeth and 40 X- rays (OPG and profile) of patients, with normal occlusion and complete dentition, selected as the control group, aged 10-15 years, in both sexes. All subjects were evaluated cephalometrically. According to the number of missing teeth, subjects were subdivided into three groups: group A - mild (1-2), group B - moderate (3-6), and group C - severe (≥ 7 congenitally missing permanent teeth). Results: The results showed significant differences in the craniofacial size and morphology between the groups. Maxilla and mandible were retrognathic, and the maxillary length was significantly reduced in all three hypodontia groups compared to the controls. The ANB angle decreased as the number of missing teeth increased, and the patients with more severe hypodontia showed tendencies to a Class III skeletal relationship. The lower anterior face height was significantly reduced only in the severe hypodontia group. An important finding is also retroclination of the maxillary incisors in the mild and moderate hypodontia groups and greater anteriorinclination in the severe hypodontia group. The lower incisors displayed retroclination and the interincisal angle was increased in all three hypodontia groups. The incisor inclination was reflected by a reduction in the protrusion of the lips. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that agenesis has a negative influence on the craniofacial morphology according to the number of missing teeth and leads to aesthetic and functional disturbances

Two psychiatrists, three boat builders and a million gap hunters: the choices we make in literature reviews

Throughout our education and beyond, we keep on hearing how literature reviews are an essential and, as such inevitable part of academia. So far, we agree. Literature reviews fulfil many pragmatic roles in science, research and teaching. In addition, many academics go as far as to say that searching literature has the purpose of finding a gap in knowledge. This is where we take a different view on the role of literature reviews, the nature of knowledge and their presentation in the 21st Century. This article aims to rethink what we researchers understand by the ubiquitous term ‘gap’ when reviewing the literature. It introduces the unchartered works of two psychiatrists (Pyotr Borisovich Gannushkin 1875-1933 and Grunya Efimovna Suhareva 1891-1981) who primarily published in Russian and therefore remained hidden from the English-speaking literature and as such demonstrate how the notion of ‘the gap’ is not all it appears to be. Principally, if the ‘gap’ is a question of presence and absence of evidence, as is the view of the gap-hunter then, we offer the metaphor of the boat builder and the activity of noticing literature. We will summarise in 10 points how our boat building as a genealogical model shares many similarities to translating texts from Russian, we learnt from Gannushkin’s and Suhareva’s work in autism