Processamento caseiro de congelamento e descongelamento por microondas e sua relação com o conteúdo de vitaminas e minerais (revisando o uso de microondas e congelamento)

Since 2004. a review about the effect of freezing and microwaves in vitamins and minerals has been evaluated. The freezing is one of the process more natural to keep food shelf-life mainly due to the lack of sensorial changes even when the food is cooked and precooked. However, if the food is raw, the freezing must 'be applied carefully and fast to avoid ice crystals formation, which break through the food structure and may alter food texture, flavor, color, and even odor. The freezing may also avoid or even reduce the microorganisms viability, oxygen and enzyme actions that may accelerate the degradation process, always when handled under hygiene-sanitary conditions. The microwaves uses micro irradiation -radiation from short waves and low frequency to warm up foods. It’s action makes the water molecules present in the food cheer generating heat, which spread through food molecules to heat and cook them (Komaroff, 2015). Nowadays is well-known the fast heating provoked by microwaves is one of the less damaged to the nutrients. Th reason why is the time spent to cook food, as longer easier to break down the food structure to have denatured and destabilized nutrients. The fact of is not need to add water to cook feed lead to preserve better the hydro soluble vitamins. Therefore, there is no significant vitamins and minerals loss using these food process techniques

Sex difference and intra-operative tidal volume: Insights from the LAS VEGAS study

BACKGROUND: One key element of lung-protective ventilation is the use of a low tidal volume (VT). A sex difference in use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) has been described in critically ill ICU patients.OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether a sex difference in use of LTVV also exists in operating room patients, and if present what factors drive this difference.DESIGN, PATIENTS AND SETTING: This is a posthoc analysis of LAS VEGAS, a 1-week worldwide observational study in adults requiring intra-operative ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery in 146 hospitals in 29 countries.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Women and men were compared with respect to use of LTVV, defined as VT of 8 ml kg-1 or less predicted bodyweight (PBW). A VT was deemed 'default' if the set VT was a round number. A mediation analysis assessed which factors may explain the sex difference in use of LTVV during intra-operative ventilation.RESULTS: This analysis includes 9864 patients, of whom 5425 (55%) were women. A default VT was often set, both in women and men; mode VT was 500 ml. Median [IQR] VT was higher in women than in men (8.6 [7.7 to 9.6] vs. 7.6 [6.8 to 8.4] ml kg-1 PBW, P < 0.001). Compared with men, women were twice as likely not to receive LTVV [68.8 vs. 36.0%; relative risk ratio 2.1 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.1), P < 0.001]. In the mediation analysis, patients' height and actual body weight (ABW) explained 81 and 18% of the sex difference in use of LTVV, respectively; it was not explained by the use of a default VT.CONCLUSION: In this worldwide cohort of patients receiving intra-operative ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery, women received a higher VT than men during intra-operative ventilation. The risk for a female not to receive LTVV during surgery was double that of males. Height and ABW were the two mediators of the sex difference in use of LTVV.TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01601223

Effect of collagen derivates and bocine whey protein isolate in inhibition of gastric ulcerative lesions and tumorigenesis, in vitro e in vivo

Orientadores: Valdemiro Carlos Sgarbieri, Durvanei Augusto MariaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosResumo: O principal objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar as propriedades fisiológicas potenciais de hidrolisados de colágeno (HC) e de um isolado protéico de soro de leite bovino (WPI) em relação aos efeitos anti-ulcerativo e anti-tumoral em roedores. O projeto apresenta uma parte tecnológica que envolve a produção do WPI e hidrolisados de colágeno (Gelita) com diferentes distribuições de massa molecular. Para obter as frações protéicas utilizadas neste estudo, responsáveis por estes atributos, uma caracterização foi conduzida por fracionamento através de microfiltração utilizando tecnologia de membranas e sistema FPLC por cromatografia de permeação em gel e de fase reversa. Estas tecnologias foram utilizadas para obtenção dos hidrolisados de colágeno com diferentes massas moleculares e do isolado protéico de soro de leite (WPI), para possibilitar a caracterização química e avaliações bioquímica/ fisiológica em suas atividades anti-úlcera e anti-tumoral. Os produtos elaborados a partir desta tecnologia de fracionamento foram caracterizados de acordo com o grau de hidrólise, composição de aminoácidos, massa molecular e número de peptídios, utilizando metodologias estabelecidas. Hidrolisados de colágeno bovino e suíno apresentaram características diferentes quanto ao grau de amidação e teor de amônio total, assim como na eletrofocalização. Os perfis cromatográficos de permeação em gel foram semelhantes, mas a atividade biológica em meio com células de melanoma B16F10 também diferiu. A combinação destas duas proteínas para avaliação dos efeitos anti-ulcerativo e anti-tumoral, também foi utilizada. Atenção especial foi dedicada a uma melhor compreensão da rota metabólica e mecanismos de ação destas duas proteínas e seus peptídios nos ensaios biológicos (modelo com ratos e camundongos, respectivamente). Para investigar o efeito anti-ulcerativo, ratos Wistar com 250-300g de peso corpóreo foram utilizados. Experimentos com dose única e repetitivas foram feitos para avaliar os efeitos destas proteínas na redução ou inibição da úlcera gástrica. A participação das substâncias sulfidrila ativas provenientes da glutationa (GSH), aminoácidos e ligações inter e intra- cadeias polipeptídicas, no mecanismo de proteção, foi estudada através da alquilação total do grupo reativo SH pela Netilmaleimida (NEM). Algumas respostas fisiológicas foram avaliadas como a produção de muco gástrico e gastrina durante o modelo experimental de úlcera induzida por etanol. A atividade inibitória em modelo de úlcera gástrica induzida por etanol foi também distinta nos hidrolisados bovino (BCH) e suínos (PCH), apresentando o hidrolisado suíno em torno de 60% de inibição das lesões ulcerativas quando administrado em dose única 750mg/Kg de peso corpóreo. No experimento de dose dupla a porcentagem de inibição das lesões ulcerativas gástricas dos hidrolisados bovinos foi maior que 70% quando administrado 1500 mg/Kg pc. Quando foram realizadas combinações de hidrolisados de colágeno bovino ou suíno com WPI, obteve-se uma combinação otimizada para BCH:WPI (50:50) na concentração de 375mg/Kg, com mais de 70% de inibição das lesões ulcerativas gástricas. Os hidrolisados de colágeno levaram ao aumento da produção de muco na mucosa gástrica e o WPI à inibição com a participação das substâncias sulfidrila não protéica na atividade inibitória das lesões gástricas. Na avaliação in vitro com as células B16F10 e os hidrolisados de colágeno bovino e suíno e suas frações obtidas por micro e ultrafiltração, assim como aquelas provenientes da cromatografia por HPLC de fase reversa, mostraram que estas últimas apresentaram a menor concentração inibitória para 50% das células (IC50), também apresentando aumento na fase de apoptose com significativo aumento na porcentagem de expressão da caspase-3 nos meios contendo as frações F1, F2 e F3. O estudo de propriedade anti-tumoral foi conduzido utilizando camundongos C57BL/6J. Animais saudáveis foram injetados (transplantados) com células tumorais de melanoma murino B16F10 na área dorsal para avaliar a implantação tumoral, progressão, caquexia observando a perda de peso e outros sintomas, metástase, capacidade proliferativa do tumor assim como sua classificação de acordo com o volume, tamanho e número. Os mecanismos nos quais a dieta protéica pode estar envolvida, avaliando a fase do ciclo celular, apoptose e efeitos anti-proliferativos no tecido tumoral foram também objetivos deste estudo. Protocolos utilizando quimioterápico foram seguidos com aquelas dietas protéicas que apresentaram melhor resposta contra a tumorigênese considerando outros mecanismos que poderiam estar envolvidos. No modelo de tumorigênese in vivo com células de melanoma B16F10 observouse uma menor porcentagem de mortalidade, maior porcentagem de sobre-vida e aspectos macroscópicos vantajosos para o grupo de animais C57BL/6J que ingeriram American Institute of Nutrition (AIN-93) tendo como fonte protéica BCH: WPI (50:50) e tratamento quimioterápico. O ciclo celular também sofreu alteração com as diferentes dietas. A fase G0/G1 tanto no grupo com tratamento quimioterápico como no grupo sem quimioterápico foi significativamente aumentada para os grupos dietéticos com BCH e BCH-P1 + WPI. A porcentagem de apoptose aumentou para BCH+WPI com tratamento quimioterápico. A capacidade proliferativa das células B16F10 diminuiu para os grupos de camundongos C57BL/6J que se alimentaram de hidrolisados de colágeno sem tratamento quimioterápico e quando houve quimioterapia associada somente aqueles grupos que receberam a combinação das duas proteínas BCH ou BCHP1 com WPI tiveram uma diminuição significativa da capacidade proliferativa das células B16F10Abstract: The main objective of this project was to evaluate the potential physiological properties of collagen hydrolysate (CH from Gelita) and a whey protein isolate (WPI) in relation to anti-ulcerative and anti-tumoral effects in rodents. The project presents a technological part, which involves the WPI production with different molecular masses. To obtain the proteic fractions used in this study responsible for these attributes, a characterization was conducted using fractionation through microfiltration using membranes technology and FPLC system through gel permeation and reverse phase chromatography. These technologies were used to obtain the collagen hydrolysate with different molecular masses and the whey protein isolate (WPI) to allow the chemical characterization and biochemical and physiological evaluations of their anti-ulcerative and anti-tumoral activities. The elaborated products obtained from these fractionation technologies and also the products from GELITA (derivatives of collagen) were characterized according to degree of hydrolysis, amino acids composition, molecular mass and peptide number, using established methodologies. Bovine and porcine collagen hydrolysates presented different characteristics concerning degree of amidation and total ammonium content, as well as in isoelectric focusing. The chromatographic profiles in gel were similar, but the biological activity in cellular medium of melanoma B16F10 also differed. Combination of these two types of proteins to evaluate anti-ulcerative and antitumoral effects were also done. Special attention was dedicated to better understanding of metabolic routes and mechanisms of action of these two proteins and their peptides in biological assays (models with rats and mice, respectively). To investigate the anti-ulcerative effect Wistar rats (250-300g bw) were used. Experiments with single and double doses were conducted to evaluate the effect of these proteins in reduction or inhibition of gastric ulcer. The participation of active sulfhydryl compounds, from gluthatione, aminoacids and inter-, intra- polypeptides chains, in protection mechanism, was studied through alkylation of SH reactive groups using N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). Some physiological responses were evaluated, as mucus and gastrin production, during experimental model of ulcer induced by ethanol. The inhibitory activity in gastric ulcer model induced by ethanol was also distinct for these two hydrolysates, bovine (BCH) and porcine (PCH). The porcine hydrolysate presented around 60% of ulcerative lesion inhibition when 750mg/Kg body weight was administrated at single dose. For double dose experiment the percentage of inhibition for bovine hydrolysate was higher than 70% when 1,500mg/Kg bw was administrated. When was tested combinations of either bovine or porcine collagen hydrolysate with WPI a optimized combination was obtained BCH:WPI (50:50) at 375mg/Kg bw of concentration presenting more than 70% gastric ulcerative lesion inhibition. The collagen hydrolysate led to increased mucus production in gastric mucosa while WPI caused in addition an inhibition by non-proteic sulfhydryl compounds participation in the inhibitory activity of gastric lesions. In vitro evaluation using B16F10 cells, the bovine and porcine collagens hydrolysates and their fractions obtained through micro and ultrafiltration, as well as those obtained by reverse phase chromatography (F1, F2, F3), showed the lowest inhibitory concentration for 50% of cells (IC50), presenting increased apoptosis percentage and a significant increase of caspase-3 expression. The study of anti-tumoral property was conducted using mice C57BL/6J. Healthy animals were injected (transplanted) with tumoral cells of murine melanoma B16F10 in dorsal area to evaluate the tumoral implantation, progression, caquexia observing the body weight loss and other symptoms, metastasis, proliferative capacity of the tumor, as its classification according to volume, size and number. The mechanisms involving the protein in the diet for evaluating cell cycle phases, apoptosis and anti-proliferative effects in tumoral tissue development were also objectives of this study. Protocols using chemotherapic were followed with protein which presented better response against tumorigenesis considering other mechanisms that could be involved. In tumorigenesis, in vivo model using B16F10 melanoma cells, a lower percentage of mortality, longer survival percentage and better macroscopic aspects were observed for C57BL/6J animal groups, fed American Institute of Nutrition (AIN-93) with BCH:WPI (50:50) as protein source plus chemotherapic treatment. The cellular cycle also suffered alteration with different diets. The G0/G1 phase for both groups treated and non-treated with chemotherapic increased significantly for the dietetic groups BCH or BCH-P1 + WPI. The apoptosis percentage increased for BCH+WPI+ChTP (with chemotherapic treatment). The proliferative capacity of B16F10 cells was reduced in the groups fed collagen hydrolysate without chemotherapic treatment and when the chemotherapic was associated only the groups that received both proteins BCH or BCH-P1 with WPI showed a significant reduction of proliferative capacity of these cellsDoutoradoNutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de AlimentosDoutor em Alimentos e Nutriçã

Estudo da utilização de amido de milho ceroso hidrolisado por alfa-amilase como substituto de gordura em bolos

Orientadores: Cesar F. Ciacco, Celia Landi FrancoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosResumo: Desenvolvimento de produtos pouco calóricos, como os derivados de amido utilizados em alguns produtos como substitutos parciais de gordura, ganhou grande impulso há alguns anos em decorrência de estudos identificando os efeitos do consumo excessivo de gordura na saúde humana. Durante os últimos anos, vários derivados de amido foram desenvolvidos e tem sido utilizados como substitutos parciais das gorduras. Esses compostos são geralmente obtidos por hidrólise parcial do amido e são usados em molhos para saladas, produtos de panificação, sobremesas congeladas e maioneses...Observação: O resumo, na integra, podera ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digitalAbstract: The development of low calorie products, as starch derivatives that have being used in some products as partial fat replacers, gained importance some years ago due to some studies, which identified the high fat consumption effect in human healthy. During last years, many starch derivatives were developed and used as partiaI fat replacers. These compounds are usually obtained through partiaI hydrolysis and have being used in salad dressing, baking products, frozen desserts and mayonnaise....Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertationsMestradoMestre em Tecnologia de Alimento

Collagen Hydrolysate Intake Increases Skin Collagen Expression and Suppresses Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 Activity

The effect of daily ingestion of collagen hydrolysate (CH) on skin extracellular matrix proteins was investigated. Four-week-old male Wistar rats were fed a modified AIN-93 diet containing 12% casein as the reference group or CH as the treatment group. A control group was established in which animals were fed a non-protein-modified AIN-93 diet. The diets were administered continuously for 4 weeks when six fresh skin samples from each group were assembled and subjected to extraction of protein. Type I and IV collagens were studied by immunoblot, and activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and 9 were assessed by zymography. The relative amount of type I and IV collagens was significantly (P<.05) increased after CH intake compared with the reference diet group (casein). Moreover, CH uptake significantly decreased both proenzyme and active forms of MMP2 compared with casein and control groups (P<.05). In contrast, CH ingestion did not influence on MMP9 activity. These results suggest that CH may reduce aging-related changes of the extracellular matrix by stimulating anabolic processes in skin tissue.GELITA of Brazil Ltd

Partial chemical and functional characterization of milk whey products obtained by different processes Caracterização parcial química e funcional de produtos de soro de leite obtidos por diferentes processos

Whey protein samples (S-1 to S-5) were tested in vivo and in vitro for nutritional properties and selected bioactivities. Weanling male Wistar rats fed modified AIN-93G (12 g protein.100 g-1) diets for 21 days were used the in vivo studies. The nutritional parameters did not differ among the protein diets tested. Erythrocyte glutathione content was considered high and was higher for S-3, but liver glutathione was the same for all dietary groups. For S-3, cytokine secretion (IL-10 and TNF-&#945;) by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (in RPMI-1640 medium) was higher in the absence of antigen than in the presence of BCG antigen. Interleukin-4 secretion was repressed in all treatments. The IC50, whey protein concentration required to inhibit 50% of the melanoma cell proliferation, was 2.68 mg.mL-1 of culture medium for the S-3 sample and 3.66 mg.mL-1 for the S-2 sample. Based on these results, it was concluded that S-3 (whey protein concentrate enriched with TGF-&#946; and lactoferrin) produced better nutritional and immunological responses than the other products tested.Amostras de proteínas de soro de leite bovino (S-1 a S-5) foram testadas, in vivo e in vitro, para algumas propriedades nutricionais e bioatividades. Para os testes in vivo foram usados ratos da linhagem Wistar alimentados por 21 dias com dieta AIN-93G modificada quanto ao teor de proteína (12 g proteínas.100 g-1 de dieta). Os parâmetros nutricionais medidos não diferiram entre as proteínas do soro de leite administradas através das dietas. O teor de glutationa nos eritrócitos foi mais elevado para o grupo alimentado com a amostra S-3. No grupo alimentado com S-3, a secreção de citocinas (IL-10 e TNF-&#945;) por células humanas mononucleares da circulação periférica, cultivadas no meio RPMI-1640, foi mais elevada na ausência do antígeno BCG do que em sua presença. A secreção de IL-4 foi inibida em todos os tratamentos. O IC50, concentração de proteína de soro necessária para inibir 50% da proliferação de células de melanoma de camundongo foi 2,68 mg.mL-1 de meio de cultura para a amostra S-3 e 3,66 mg.mL-1 para a amostra S-2. Com base nesses resultados concluiu-se que a amostra S-3 (concentrado de proteína de soro enriquecida com TGF-&#946; e lactoferrina) produziu melhores respostas nutricional e imunológica quando comparada aos demais produtos testados

Partial chemical and functional characterization of milk whey products obtained by different processes

Whey protein samples (S-1 to S-5) were tested in vivo and in vitro for nutritional properties and selected bioactivities. Weanling male Wistar rats fed modified AIN-93G (12 g protein.100 g-1) diets for 21 days were used the in vivo studies. The nutritional parameters did not differ among the protein diets tested. Erythrocyte glutathione content was considered high and was higher for S-3, but liver glutathione was the same for all dietary groups. For S-3, cytokine secretion (IL-10 and TNF-&#945;) by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (in RPMI-1640 medium) was higher in the absence of antigen than in the presence of BCG antigen. Interleukin-4 secretion was repressed in all treatments. The IC50, whey protein concentration required to inhibit 50% of the melanoma cell proliferation, was 2.68 mg.mL-1 of culture medium for the S-3 sample and 3.66 mg.mL-1 for the S-2 sample. Based on these results, it was concluded that S-3 (whey protein concentrate enriched with TGF-&#946; and lactoferrin) produced better nutritional and immunological responses than the other products tested

Intraoperative ventilator settings and their association with postoperative pulmonary complications in neurosurgical patients: post-hoc analysis of LAS VEGAS study

Background: Limited information is available regarding intraoperative ventilator settings and the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) in patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures. The aim of this post-hoc analysis of the 'Multicentre Local ASsessment of VEntilatory management during General Anaesthesia for Surgery' (LAS VEGAS) study was to examine the ventilator settings of patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures, and to explore the association between perioperative variables and the development of PPCs in neurosurgical patients. Methods: Post-hoc analysis of LAS VEGAS study, restricted to patients undergoing neurosurgery. Patients were stratified into groups based on the type of surgery (brain and spine), the occurrence of PPCs and the assess respiratory risk in surgical patients in Catalonia (ARISCAT) score risk for PPCs. Results: Seven hundred eighty-four patients were included in the analysis; 408 patients (52%) underwent spine surgery and 376 patients (48%) brain surgery. Median tidal volume (VT) was 8 ml [Interquartile Range, IQR = 7.3-9] per predicted body weight; median positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was 5 [3 to 5] cmH20. Planned recruitment manoeuvres were used in the 6.9% of patients. No differences in ventilator settings were found among the sub-groups. PPCs occurred in 81 patients (10.3%). Duration of anaesthesia (odds ratio, 1.295 [95% confidence interval 1.067 to 1.572]; p = 0.009) and higher age for the brain group (odds ratio, 0.000 [0.000 to 0.189]; p = 0.031), but not intraoperative ventilator settings were independently associated with development of PPCs. Conclusions: Neurosurgical patients are ventilated with low VT and low PEEP, while recruitment manoeuvres are seldom applied. Intraoperative ventilator settings are not associated with PPCs

Association between night-time surgery and occurrence of intraoperative adverse events and postoperative pulmonary complications

Background: The aim of this post hoc analysis of a large cohort study was to evaluate the association between night-time surgery and the occurrence of intraoperative adverse events (AEs) and postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs). Methods: LAS VEGAS (Local Assessment of Ventilatory Management During General Anesthesia for Surgery) was a prospective international 1-week study that enrolled adult patients undergoing surgical procedures with general anaesthesia and mechanical ventilation in 146 hospitals across 29 countries. Surgeries were defined as occurring during 'daytime' when induction of anaesthesia was between 8: 00 AM and 7: 59 PM, and as 'night-time' when induction was between 8: 00 PM and 7: 59 AM. Results: Of 9861 included patients, 555 (5.6%) underwent surgery during night-time. The proportion of patients who developed intraoperative AEs was higher during night-time surgery in unmatched (43.6% vs 34.1%; P<0.001) and propensity-matched analyses (43.7% vs 36.8%; P = 0.029). PPCs also occurred more often in patients who underwent night-time surgery (14% vs 10%; P = 0.004) in an unmatched cohort analysis, although not in a propensity-matched analysis (13.8% vs 11.8%; P = 0.39). In a multivariable regression model, including patient characteristics and types of surgery and anaesthesia, night-time surgery was independently associated with a higher incidence of intraoperative AEs (odds ratio: 1.44; 95% confidence interval: 1.09-1.90; P = 0.01), but not with a higher incidence of PPCs (odds ratio: 1.32; 95% confidence interval: 0.89-1.90; P = 0.15). Conclusions: Intraoperative adverse events and postoperative pulmonary complications occurred more often in patients undergoing night-time surgery. Imbalances in patients' clinical characteristics, types of surgery, and intraoperative management at night-time partially explained the higher incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications, but not the higher incidence of adverse events