Some Personal Recollections of Army Operations Research on Radar in World War II

Operational Research had its origin at the beginning of the Second World War, and made important early contributions to many aspects of the Air Defence of Great Britain, an activity of monumental significance in the war. Air defence depended for its success on the development of a command, control, communication and information system on a scale that had never been approached before. It also depended on other types of technology, such as high performance aircraft, air-to-air weapons and anti-aircraft artillery, and, most critically, on the new science of radar. All of these offered opportunities for applications of operational research, as did the study of tactics for individual engagements and of strategy for the optimum allocation of dangerously scarce resources. Of the many technological developments that made advances throughout the course of World War II, radar was the one which saw the greatest improvement in capabilities and had the most significant influence on operations. The contributions of radar to fire control of weapons, and the direction and navigation of aircraft and ships, called for systematic studies of the technical design and performance of the radar, of the weapons depending on its information, of the capabilities of the human operators, and of the design and effectiveness of the entire system of which the radar was one vital part. This provided a glorious opportunity for operational research. There was an atmosphere of extreme urgency. There were no worries about budgets. There was no time for extensive instrumented field trials or operational evaluation-new equipment was rushed into service. The data on effectiveness under field conditions was obtained from real operations. In earlier years it was possible to find people who held senior positions in organizations conducting important military operations, and could therefore give a first hand account of the critical decisions and results as seen “top down” from the highest level. But if one wants to go back as far as World War II, where operational research was born, it is getting increasingly difficult to find survivors who held senior appointments in the early 1940s. I am not one of these. However, I was fortunate enough to have been able to participate in operational research during World War II at a junior level, and to have spent most of the half century since then in the study and practice of military OR. I am going to describe a few incidents which occurred in the life of a junior army officer engaged in military operational research on the applications of radar to air defence, during an extremely active period. So what you are going to receive is a bottom up worm’s eye view of operational research during its interesting pioneer period fifty years ago

Strengthening Ontario\u27s System of Housing for People with Serious Mental Illness

This article describes recent work to support recommendations for improving Ontario’s system of housing for people with serious mental illness. This multifaceted project engaged stakeholders in discussions concerning strategies for improving the system based on (a) values that underlie housing programs, (b) evidence of effective housing practices, (c) the current status of the system, and (d) international practices for monitoring community mental health systems. Stakeholders reviewed summaries of the work and discussed implications for improving the provincial system of housing and supports. Recommendations are made for improving the system, focusing on both regional and provincial level actions

A study of a five horse-power single phase induction motor

Thesis (B.S.)--University of Illinois, 1915.Typescript

STAINING OF OVCA1 ANTIBODY IN HUMAN MALIGNANCIES

poster abstractImmunohistochemistry biomarkers are currently being developed to tar-get specific proteins found in cancer cells. The biomarker and putative tumor suppressor, OvCa1, has a function that is not well characterized. Due to lack of reagents, we developed monoclonal antibodies of OvCa1 to examine mul-tiple human malignancies. Primary cancers with different histologic grades as well as with metastatic lesions were examined with the monoclonal anti-bodies. Ovarian cancer tissue samples from the IU Simon Cancer Center Tis-sue Bank were used for this study. The samples were fixed in neutral buff-ered formalin and processed into a paraffin block. The slides were microtomed, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with the OvCa1 antibody was performed. Thirty-one low, medium, and high grade tumors as well as meta-static ovarian carcinomas were evaluated. All cases revealed a range of staining intensity with OvCa1. The results indicated that OvCa1 had the highest immunostaining in the high grade, Stage 3 to 4 ovarian carcinomas. Medium grade tumors had less OvCa1 expression, while the metastatic tu-mors had less staining than any of the other three grades. Immunostaining was observed primarily in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the tumor cells. In addition, we evaluated approximately 20 tumors from various different or-gans. These included prostate, breast, spleen, lung, colon, stomach, and kidney tumors, which were positive for immunostaining with the OvCa1 anti-body. In summary, the results indicate that all histologic grades express the biomarker, OvCa1, and the staining intensity was highest in the high grade, Stage 3 and 4 tumors. Our preliminary studies demonstrate a further need to delineate OvCa1 as a potential biomarker, which could be used for early detection and diagnosis of ovarian cancer

An overview of mechanisms of desiccation tolerance in selected angiosperm resurrection plants

The vegetative tissues of resurrection plants, like seeds, can tolerate desiccation to 5% relative water content (RWC) for extended periods and yet resume full metabolic activity on re-watering. In this review we will illustrate how this is achieved in a variety of angiosperm resurrection plants, our studies ranging from the ecophysiological to the biochemical level. At the whole plant level, leaf folding and other anatomical changes serve to minimise light and mechanical stress associated with drying and rehydration. The mechanisms of cell wall folding are described for Craterostigma wilmsii and Myrothanmus flabellifolia. Free radicals, radical oxygen species (ROS) usually generated under water-deficit stress by photosynthesis, are minimised by either homoiochlorophylly (e.g. C. wilmsii and M. flabellifolia) or poikilochlorophylly (e.g. Xerophyta sp.). The antioxidant systems of these plants effectively deal with ROS generated by other metabolic processes. In addition to antioxidants common to most plants, resurrection plants also accumulate polyphenols such as 3, 4, 5 tri-O-galloylquinic acid in M. flabellifolia, and seed-associated antioxidants (e.g. 1-cys-peroxiredoxin and metallothionines) as effective ROS scavengers. Sucrose accumulates at low RWC, presumably protecting the sub-cellular milieu against desiccation-induced macromolecular denaturation

Magnesium-dependent Association and Folding of Oligonucleosomes Reconstituted with Ubiquitinated H2A

The MgCl2-induced folding of defined 12-mer nucleosomal arrays, in which ubiquitinated histone H2A (uH2A) replaced H2A, was analyzed by quantitative agarose gel electrophoresis and analytical centrifugation. Both types of analysis showed that uH2A arrays attained a degree of compaction similar to that of control arrays in 2 mM MgCl2. These results indicate that attachment of ubiquitin to H2A has little effect on the ability of nucleosomal arrays to form higher order folded structures in the ionic conditions tested. In contrast, uH2A arrays were found to oligomerize at lower MgCl2 concentrations than control nucleosomal arrays, suggesting that histone ubiquitination may play a role in nucleosomal fiber association

Both Maternal Sensitivity and Atypical Maternal Behavior Independently Predict Attachment Security and Disorganization in Adolescent Mother–infant Dyads

On the basis of these findings, at odds with current models of the origins of secure vs disorganized attachment, the current study examined the association between distinct qualities of maternal interaction and attachment in a single study. The participants in the current study were adolescent mothers and their infants, a population that has been shown to be at substantial developmental risk and to exhibit a range of markedly atypical interactions with their infants (Jaffee, Caspi, Moffitt, Belsky, and Silva, 2001)

A predictive model for ethylene-mediated auxin and cytokinin patterning in the Arabidopsis root

The interaction between auxin and cytokinin is important in many aspects of plant development. Experimental measurements of both auxin and cytokinin concentration and reporter gene expression clearly show the coexistence of auxin and cytokinin concentration patterning in Arabidopsis root development. However, in the context of crosstalk between auxin, cytokinin and ethylene, little is known about how auxin and cytokinin concentration patterns simultaneously emerge and how they regulate each other in the Arabidopsis root. This work utilizes a wide range of experimental observations to propose a mechanism for simultaneous patterning of auxin and cytokinin concentration. In addition to the regulatory relationships between auxin and cytokinin, the mechanism reveals that ethylene signalling is an important factor in achieving simultaneous auxin and cytokinin patterning, while also predicting other experimental observations. Combining the mechanism with a realistic in silico root model reproduces experimental observations of both auxin and cytokinin patterning. Predictions made by the mechanism can be compared with a variety of experimental observations, including those conducted by our group and other independent experiments reported by other groups. Examples of these predictions include patterning of auxin biosynthesis rate, PIN1 and PIN2 pattern changes in pin3, 4, 7 mutants, cytokinin patterning change in the pls mutant, PLS patterning, as well as various trends in different mutants. This research unravels a plausible mechanism for simultaneous patterning of auxin and cytokinin concentrations in Arabidopsis root development and suggests a key role for ethylene pattern integration. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.