Stichwort: Gesundheitserziehung

Der Autor geht vom Verständnis des Inhalts von Gesundheit bzw. Krankheit aus. Er stellt fest, daß für Gesundheit und Krankheit keineswegs mehr nur Medizin verantwortlich zu machen ist. Er beschäftigt sich aus dieser Sicht mit folgnden Schwerpunkten: 1. Gesundheit und Laiensystem; 2. Gesundheit im Kontext von Beratung und Bildung; 3. Gesundheit als pädagogische Aufgabe seit der Aufklärung; 4. Gesundheit und Prävention; 5. Gesundheitserziehung; 6. Gesundheitsbildung; 7. Gesundheitsförderung; 8. Gesundheitspropaganda als Risiko; 9.Gesundheitspädagogische Aufgabenbereiche/Arbeitsfelder; 10. Gesundheitspädagogik als Lehr- und Forschungsgebiet. (DIPF/Sch.

Gesundheitserziehung und Gesundheitspädagogik – Perspektiven eines „alten“ neuen Fachs

[In diesem Beitrag] wird eine Gegenstandsbestimmung des Fachs Gesundheitspädagogik versucht. Ausgehend von den historischen Wurzeln der Begriffe Erziehung und Gesundheit entwickelt [der Autor] … wesentliche Elemente, die ein eigenständiges Fach Gesundheitspädagogik konstituieren. Grundsätzlich hält [er] für die Gesundheitspädagogik neben der pathogenetischen Perspektive gleichwertig eine salutogenetische Orientierung für unabdingbar. Darauf aufbauend sind für ihn Erziehung und Bildung wesentliche Grundelemente der Gesundheitspädagogik. Während Gesundheitserziehung auf der Basis konkret vermittelten Wissens zur Einstellungs- und Verhaltensänderung motiviert, diese in konkreten Übungsprogrammen zu erproben und zu stabilisieren, definiert [der Autor] Gesundheitsbildung als Aneignung von Kenntnissen und Fertigkeiten zur Ausformung eines „kultivierten Lebensstils“, um gesundheitliches Wohlbefinden in Selbstbestimmung zu erlangen. (DIPF/Orig.

Die Faszination der Klinik: neun Thesen zur Professionalisierung von Psychologen

Die Autoren stellen in neun Thesen die Entwicklung des Berufes des Psychologen und der Psychologie als Wissenschaft dar. Die Bedeutung der klinischen Psychologie für den Professionalisierungsprozeß der Psychologie als Beruf und ihre Funktion zur Bewältigung psychologischer Probleme wird herausgestellt. Die Autoren kommen zu dem Ergebnis, daß die Fixierung der Psychologie auf die klinische Psychologie eine Beschäftigung mit psychosozialen und politischen Orientierungen, die den 'sozialen und gesellschaftlichen Kontext alltäglicher Lebensvollzüge' berücksichtigen, verhindert hat. Sie fordern daher, die klinische Psychologie in ihrer derzeitigen Form in Frage zu stellen, 'um die fällige Befreiung aus einem selbstgeschneiderten Korsett endlich in Gang zu bringen'. (RE

Comparison of water balance method and alternative evaporation methods applied to the Aswan High Dam Reservoir

Aswan High Dam Reservoir (AHDR) is a large human-made reservoir situated in southern Egypt and northern Sudan. The reservoir is located in a typical arid zone so that evaporation results in a significant water loss from the reservoir. To quantify these evaporation water losses, different methods can  be applied. The water balance method was used to estimate water losses of the AHDR during 43 open-water seasons. Compared to earlier publications, this study used longer time series data and more evaporation approaches. Moreover, we evaluated the deviation between evaporation rates as derived from the water balance method and as calculated using 16 evaporation/evapotranspiration formulas. Five approaches are not well suited for use at the AHDR because they underestimated evaporation rates (e.g. Stephens-Stewart model), or overestimated evaporation rates (e.g. de Bruin model). Annual evaporation rates obtained by the Bowen ratio energy balance method at the three floating stations Raft, Allaqi and Abu Simbel were estimated at 7.9, 6.9 and 6.7 mm d-1, respectively. The monthly water losses of the years 1978 to 1984, a period with reasonable evaporation rates, are used to estimate the evaporation losses. The results of the study show a systematic deviation between the monthly average values determined using the water balance method through the period 1978 to 1984 and the monthly mean values determined by the 16 evaporation calculation approaches at three floating stations. This deviation is particularly clear in the months of May, June and September (primarily lower estimates) as well as in July (primarily higher estimates). The deviation can be attributed to the simplicity of the water balance method as well as to its limited suitability for large reservoirs as the AHDR over short periods like a month. Among the 16 evaporation calculation approaches the mass transfer method provided the most reasonable results under the given site conditions

Solvent-aware Interfaces in Continuum Solvation

Continuum models to handle solvent and electrolyte effects in an effective way have a long tradition in quantum-chemistry simulations and are nowadays also being introduced in computational condensed-matter and materials simulations. A key ingredient of continuum models is the choice of the solute cavity, i.e. the definition of the sharp or smooth boundary between the regions of space occupied by the quantum-mechanical (QM) system and the continuum embedding environment. Although most of the solute-based approaches developed lead to models with comparable and high accuracy when applied to small organic molecules, they can introduce significant artifacts when complex systems are considered. As an example, condensed-matter simulations often deal with supports that present open structures. Similarly, unphysical pockets of continuum solvent may appear in systems featuring multiple molecular components. Here, we introduce a solvent-aware approach to eliminate the unphysical effects where regions of space smaller than the size of a single solvent molecule could still be filled with a continuum environment. We do this by defining a smoothly varying solute cavity that overcomes several of the limitations of straightforward solute-based definitions. This new approach applies to any smooth local definition of the continuum interface, being it based on the electronic density or the atomic positions of the QM system. It produces boundaries that are continuously differentiable with respect to the QM degrees of freedom, leading to accurate forces and/or Kohn-Sham potentials. Benchmarks on semiconductor substrates and on explicit water substrates confirm the flexibility and the accuracy of the approach and provide a general set of parameters for condensed-matter systems featuring open structures and/or explicit liquid components

A 12-Month Lifestyle Intervention Program Improves Body Composition and Reduces the Prevalence of Prediabetes in Obese Patients

Background: The present study investigated the effects of a 12-month interdisciplinary standardized lifestyle program addressing physical activity and changes in dietary and lifestyle behavior in 2,227 obese prediabetic participants. Methods: Measures of obesity (BMI, waist circumference), cardiopulmonary fitness, and metabolic parameters were determined before and after the intervention period. Results: From the 2,227 participants who were initially prediabetic, 839 participants (-37.7%) did no longer show the criteria of prediabetes after the intervention and had normal HbA1c levels. Conclusion: The clinical effects are substantial, and it is likely that the applied intense and multidisciplinary lifestyle interventions could reduce the risk of developing diabetes and the prevalence of a full-blown metabolic syndrome in obese and prediabetic patients

Combining targeted and systematic prostate biopsy improves prostate cancer detection and correlation with the whole mount histopathology in biopsy naïve and previous negative biopsy patients

OBJECTIVE: Guidelines for previous negative biopsy (PNB) cohorts with a suspicion of prostate cancer (PCa) after positive multiparametric (mp) magnetic-resonance-imaging (MRI) often favour the fusion-guided targeted prostate-biopsy (TB) only approach for Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) ≥3 lesions. However, recommendations lack direct biopsy performance comparison within biopsy naïve (BN) vs. PNB patients and its prognostication of the whole mount pathology report (WMPR), respectively. We suppose, that the combination of TB and concomitant TRUS-systematic biopsy (SB) improves the PCa detection rate of PI-RADS 2, 3, 4 or 5 lesions and the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP)-grade predictability of the WMPR in BN- and PNB patients. METHODS: Patients with suspicious mpMRI, elevated prostate-specific-antigen and/or abnormal digital rectal examination were included. All PI-RADS reports were intramurally reviewed for biopsy planning. We compared the PI-RADS score substratified TB, SB or combined approach (TB/SB) associated BN- and PNB-PCa detection rate. Furthermore, we assessed the ISUP-grade variability between biopsy cores and the WMPR. RESULTS: According to BN (n = 499) vs. PNB (n = 314) patients, clinically significant (cs) PCa was detected more frequently by the TB/SB approach (62 vs. 43%) than with the TB (54 vs. 34%) or SB (57 vs. 34%) (all p < 0.0001) alone. Furthermore, we observed that the TB/SB strategy detects a significantly higher number of csPCa within PI-RADS 3, 4 or 5 reports, both in BN and PNB men. In contrast, applied biopsy techniques were equally effective to detect csPCa within PI-RADS 2 lesions. In case of csPCa diagnosis the TB approach was more often false-negative in PNB patients (BN 11% vs. PNB 19%; p = 0.02). The TB/SB technique showed in general significantly less upgrading, whereas a higher agreement was only observed for the total and BN patient cohort. CONCLUSION: Despite csPCa is more frequently found in BN patients, the TB/SB method always detected a significantly higher number of csPCa within PI-RADS 3, 4 or 5 reports of our BN and PNB group. The TB/SB strategy predicts the ISUP-grade best in the total and BN cohort and in general shows the lowest upgrading rates, emphasizing its value not only in BN but also PNB patients

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis