Executive Functions in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Family and School Environment

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by the presence of difficulties in communication and social interaction, often associated with deficits in executive functions (EF). The EF correct development is related to a more effective functioning in all its daily activities, while being associated with more efficient social relations. The objective of this research is to analyze the level of development of EF in children and adolescents with ASD in school and at home. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, and multicenter study with 102 participants selected by non-probabilistic sampling, 32 parents of children with ASD, and 70 professionals in the field of education of students with ASD. The study confirms that although children and adolescents with ASD have problems in executive functioning, the perception of informants, parents, and education professionals is similar but not the same in the different contexts: school and home

Executive Functions in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Grade 1 and 2, vs. Neurotypical Development: A School View

Autism spectrum disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social and communication functioning. Previous studies suggest that people with autism spectrum disorders have deficits in executive functions, having found a relationship with cognitive flexibility, planning, working memory, inhibition or self-control, but it is especially with respect to cognitive flexibility where the greatest dysfunctions have been found. The objective of this research was to compare the executive functioning of a group of children and adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders with another with neurotypical development in an educational context

Effectiveness of Fosfomycin for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Bacteremic Urinary Tract Infections

IMPORTANCE The consumption of broad-spectrum drugs has increased as a consequence of the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli. Finding alternatives for these infections is critical, for which some neglected drugs may be an option. OBJECTIVE To determine whether fosfomycin is noninferior to ceftriaxone or meropenem in the targeted treatment of bacteremic urinary tract infections (bUTIs) due to MDR E coli. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This multicenter, randomized, pragmatic, open clinical trial was conducted at 22 Spanish hospitals from June 2014 to December 2018. Eligible participants were adult patients with bacteremic urinary tract infections due to MDR E coli; 161 of 1578 screened patients were randomized and followed up for 60 days. Data were analyzed in May 2021. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized 1 to 1 to receive intravenous fosfomycin disodium at 4 g every 6 hours (70 participants) or a comparator (ceftriaxone or meropenem if resistant; 73 participants) with the option to switch to oral fosfomycin trometamol for the fosfomycin group or an active oral drug or pa renteral ertapenem for the comparator group after 4 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was clinical and microbiological cure (CMC) 5 to 7 days after finalization of treatment; a noninferiority margin of 7% was considered. RESULTS Among 143 patients in the modified intention-to-treat population (median [IQR] age, 72 [62-81] years; 73 [51.0%] women), 48 of 70 patients (68.6%) treated with fosfomycin and 57 of 73 patients (78.1%) treated with comparators reached CMC (risk difference, -9.4 percentage points; 1-sided 95% CI, -21.5 to infinity percentage points; P = .10). While clinical or microbiological failure occurred among 10 patients (14.3%) treated with fosfomycin and 14 patients (19.7%) treated with comparators (risk difference, -5.4 percentage points; 1-sided 95% CI. -infinity to 4.9; percentage points; P = .19), an increased rate of adverse event-related discontinuations occurred with fosfomycin vs comparators (6 discontinuations [8.5%] vs 0 discontinuations; P = .006). In an exploratory analysis among a subset of 38 patients who underwent rectal colonization studies, patients treated with fosfomycin acquired a new ceftriaxone-resistant or meropenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria at a decreased rate compared with patients treated with comparators (0 of 21 patients vs 4 of 17 patients [23.5%]; 1-sided P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found that fosfomycin did not demonstrate noninferiority to comparators as targeted treatment of bUTI from MDR E coli; this was due to an increased rate of adverse event-related discontinuations. This finding suggests that fosfomycin may be considered for selected patients with these infections

Reseñas

[ES] Seguí de la Riva , Javier. Sobre dibujar y proyectar (por Javier Seguí de la Riva) pp. 4.-- Dibujar, proyectar LVI y LVII Arte y muerte I y II ( por Javier Seguí de la Riva) pp. 6.-- dibujar, proyectar LVIII El imaginario del dibujar (por Javier Seguí de la Riva) pp. 6 y 7.-- Dibujar, proyectar LVI y LVII Diagrama, diagramar I y II ( por Javier Seguí de la Riva) pp. 7.-- DIBUJAR, proyectar LVIII El imaginario del dibujar ( por Javier Seguí de la Riva) pp. 6 y 7.-- DIBUJAR, PROYECTAR LVI y LVII Diagrama, diagramar I y II (por Javier Seguí de la Riva) pp.7.-- DIBUJAR, PROYECTAR LIX, LX y LXI Escritos críticos I, II y III ( por Javier Seguí de la Riva) pp. 7 .-- Rehabilitacion del Antiguo Hospital San Juan de Dios para Biblioteca y Archivo Historico de Orihuela (por Ana Torres Barchino) pp. 8.-- Arnau Amo, Joaquín. Arquitectura. Ritos y ritmos (por María Elia Gutiérrez Mozo) pp. 8 y 9.—Cardone, Vito. Viaggiatori d’architettura in Italia. Da Brunelleschi a Charles Garnier (por Cesare Cundari) pp. 9 y 10.-- Casado de Amezúa Vázquez, Joaquín. Las casas reales de la Alhambra. Geometría y espacio. Una aproximación al proceso de formación del espacio ( por Pilar Chías Navarro)pp. 10.-- Jaén i Urban, Gaspar; Baldomá Soto, Montserrat y Carrasco Martí, Maria Antonia. One century of photography and preservation in catalonia: the service for local architectural heritage ( por Pilar Chías Navarro) pp. 10 y 11.-- Jaén i Urban, Gaspar. El paisaje urbano de Nueva York en la obra escrita de Federico García Lorca (por Concepción López González y Jorge García valldecabres) pp. 11.—Trachana, Angelique. Urbe Ludens ( por Gonzalo García-Rosales) pp. 12.-- Fernández-Palacios, Victoria; Yanguas, Ana; Jiménez Fdez-Palacios, Luz. Manuel Aires Mateus. Cuaderno de La Alhambra ( por José Mª Gentil Baldrich) pp. 12 y 13.-- Agustín, Luis; Miret, Elena; Vallespín, Aurelio. Representación del espacio arquitectónico. 2011.12 (por Jesús Aparicio Guisado) pp. 14.—Herschdorfer, Nathalie y Lada Umstätter, Thames. Le Corbusier and the Power of Photography (por víctor A. Lafuente Sánchez) pp. 14 y 15.-- Roma en el bolsillo. Cuadernos de dibujo y aprendizaje artístico en el siglo XVIII ( por Fernando Linares García) pp. 15 y 16.-- Vicens y Hualde, Ignacio. Dicho y hecho ( por Fernando Linares García) pp 16.-- Le Corbusier. El arte decorativo de hoy ( por Carlos Montes Serrano )pp. 16 y 17.—Jenkins Birkhäuser, Eric J. Drawn to Design: Analyzing Architecture Through Freehand Drawing ( por víctor A. Lafuente Sánchez) pp. 17 y 18.—Sobrino, Miguel. Monasterios. Las biografías desconocidas de los cenobios de España ( por Javier García-Gutiérrez Mosteiro) pp. 18 y 19.-- Jiménez Martín, Alfonso. Anatomía de la Catedral de Sevilla ( por Francisco Pinto Puerto) pp. 19.-- Raposo Grau, Javier Fco; Butragueño Díaz-Guerra, Belen y Paredes Maldonado, Miguel. Dibujar, analizar, proyectar (2010) Título I. Colección dibujo, proyecto y arquitectura ( por Mariasun Salgado de la Rosa) pp. 19 y 20.-- Raposo Grau, Fco Javier; Butragueño Díaz-Guerra, Belen y Paredes Maldonado, Miguel. Dibujar, analizar, proyectar (2011) Título III. Colección dibujo, proyecto y arquitectura ( por Carlos L. Marcos Alba) pp. 20-22.-- García Doménech, Sergio. Reflexiones urbanas sobre el espacio público de Alicante. Una interpretación de la ciudad y sus escenarios ( por Juan Calduch Cervera) pp. 22 y 23.—Cundari, Casere. Il rilievo architettonico. Ragioni. Fondamenti. Applicazioni ( por Antonio Álvaro Tordesillas) pp. 23 y 24.—Autores varios. Perspectiva-Prospettiva. La práctica de la perspectiva ( por José Mª Gentil Baldrich) pp. 24 y 25.-- Soler Sanz, Felipe. Trazados Reguladores en la Arquitectura ( por Jorge García Valldecabres) pp. 25.-- Jiménez Alcañiz, Cesar. Análisis de las metodologías para la recuperación patrimonial de entornos urbanos protegidos. Propuesta metodológica: desde los valores históricos a los nuevos modelos energéticos. Russafa desde el siglo XIX( Por Pablo Navarro Esteve) pp. 26.-- de Coca Leicher, José. El recinto ferial de la Casa de Campo de Madrid (1950-75)( por Esteban Herrero Cantalapiedra) pp. 27.-- La arquitectura religiosa renacentista en tierras del Maestre: la iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Vistabella del Maestrazgo ( por José Teodoro Garfella Rubio) pp. 27 y 28.-- Arquitectura de los balnearios en Galicia. Cuenca del Miño. 1816-1936 ( por José Antonio Franco Taboada)pp. 28 y 29.-- Barros da Rocha e Costa. Historia de la representación gráfica del Castillo de Peñíscola. Del grafito al láser ( por Pablo Navarro Esteve) pp. 29.-- Rivas López, Esteban José. El Carmen de la fundación Rodríguez-Acosta. Una indagación gráfica ( por Joaquín Casado de Amezúa) pp.30.-- Verdejo Gimeno, Pedro. Estaciones intermedias de ferrocarril. La sección “Non nata” Teruel-Alcañiz (por Jorge Girbés Pérez) pp. 30 y 31.-- Sender Contell, Marina. El Monasterio de Santa María de la Murta. Análisis arquitectónico de un Monasterio Jerónimo ( por Pablo Navarro Esteve) pp. 32.-- Iñarra Abad, Susana. El Render de Arquitectura. Análisis de la Respuesta Emocional del Observador ( por Pablo Navarro Esteve) pp. 32 y 33.-- Fernández Morales, Angélica. De concreto a conceptual. Relaciones entre arte y arquitectura en el contexto helvético contemporáneo ( por Luis Agustín) pp. 33.—EXPOSICIÓN: Intervenciones cromáticas en los comercios del centro histórico ( por Jorge Llopis verdú) pp. 34 y 35.Seguí De La Riva, J.; Torres Barchino, A.; Gutiérrez Mozo, ME.; Cundari, C.; Chías Navarro, P.; López González, C.; García Valldecabres, J.... (2014). Reseñas. EGA. Revista de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. 19(24):4-35. https://doi.org/10.4995/ega.2014.3268SWORD435192

Executive Functions in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Grade 1 and 2, vs. Neurotypical Development: A School View

Background: Autism spectrum disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social and communication functioning. Previous studies suggest that people with autism spectrum disorders have deficits in executive functions, having found a relationship with cognitive flexibility, planning, working memory, inhibition or self-control, but it is especially with respect to cognitive flexibility where the greatest dysfunctions have been found. The objective of this research was to compare the executive functioning of a group of children and adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders with another with neurotypical development in an educational context. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and multicenter confirmatory study in which 121 people who participated acted as informants, with 70 of them being education professionals who work with people with autism spectrum disorders grade 1 and 2 and 51 of them being teachers who work with people of neurotypical development; these individuals were selected through non-probabilistic sampling. Results: People diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders obtained significantly higher scores on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-2 scale for the nine clinical scales and the four indexes that compose it compared to the group of people with neurotypical development; in addition, the average scores obtained are clinically significant, with them being elevated for the group with autism spectrum disorders. This study confirms that children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders experience greater difficulties with respect to their executive functions than children with neurotypical development

Executive Functions in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Family and School Environment

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by the presence of difficulties in communication and social interaction, often associated with deficits in executive functions (EF). The EF correct development is related to a more effective functioning in all its daily activities, while being associated with more efficient social relations. The objective of this research is to analyze the level of development of EF in children and adolescents with ASD in school and at home. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, and multicenter study with 102 participants selected by non-probabilistic sampling, 32 parents of children with ASD, and 70 professionals in the field of education of students with ASD. The study confirms that although children and adolescents with ASD have problems in executive functioning, the perception of informants, parents, and education professionals is similar but not the same in the different contexts: school and home

Autismo en infancia y adolescencia: importancia del funcionamiento sensorial y ejecutivo en contextos naturales

Tres artículos científicos conforman la presente tesis doctoral, titulada “AUTISMO infancia y adolescencia: importancia del funcionamiento sensorial y ejecutivo en contextos naturales”, que sigue la modalidad por compendio de publicaciones. Conocer el nivel de apoyos necesarios, a través de evaluaciones ecológicas, que incluyan múltiples procesos y recolección de datos de diferentes entornos con el fin de adaptarlos a las necesidades de los niños, niñas y adolescentes con autismo, es fundamental para que las intervenciones minimicen los desafíos a nivel sensorial y a nivel ejecutivo, determinando los factores que específicamente apoyan o dificultan el desempeño ocupacional en todas las ocupaciones y contextos. El proceso de evaluación se centra por lo tanto en, averiguar que se quiere y que se necesita hacer, establecer aquello que se puede realizar, y que se ha realizado, e identificar los apoyos necesarios para erradicar los parapetos que puedan influir en la participación, funcionalidad y por ende, en la calidad de vida de las personas con autismo. El objetivo principal de la tesis es determinar la influencia del funcionamiento sensorial y ejecutivo en la infancia y adolescencia en las personas con autismo en contextos como la escuela y el hogar. El estudio sobre el funcionamiento sensorial aporta información sobre la diferente forma de procesamiento sensorial de las personas con autismo, en comparación con los niños, niñas y adolescentes de desarrollo típico. Los estudios que versan sobre las funciones ejecutivas contribuyen al esclarecimiento de las dificultades en el funcionamiento ejecutivo de los niños, niñas y adolescentes con autismo y por tanto, la necesidad de diseñar e implementar intervenciones adecuadas y adaptadas que favorezcan a este colectivo en su etapa escolar.Three scientific articles make up this doctoral thesis, entitled "AUTISM childhood and adolescence: importance of sensory and executive functioning in natural contexts", which follows the modality by compendium of publications. Knowing the level of support needed, through ecological assessments, which include multiple processes and data collection from different settings in order to adapt them to the needs of children and adolescents with autism, is essential for interventions to minimize challenges at the sensory level and at the executive level, determining the factors that specifically support or hinder occupational performance in all occupations and contexts. The evaluation process therefore focuses on finding out what is wanted and what needs to be done, establishing what can be done and what has been done, and identifying the necessary support to eradicate the parapets that may influence participation, functionality and therefore, the quality of life of people with autism. The main objective of the thesis is to determine the influence of sensory and executive functioning in childhood and adolescence in people with autism in contexts such as school and home. The study on sensory functioning provides information on the different form of sensory processing of people with autism, compared to children and adolescents of typical development. Studies that deal with executive functions contribute to clarifying the difficulties in the executive functioning of children and adolescents with autism and, therefore, the need to design and implement adequate and adapted interventions that favor this group in their school stage

Implication of the Sensory Environment in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Perspectives from School

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) frequently have difficulties in processing sensory information, which is a limitation when participating in different contexts, such as school. The objective of the present study was to compare the sensory processing characteristics of children with ASD in the natural context of school through the perception of professionals in the field of education, in comparison with neurodevelopmental children (2) Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study as conducted with study population consisting of children between three and ten years old, 36 of whom were diagnosed with ASD and attended the Autismo Burgos association; the remaining 24 had neurotypical development. The degree of response of the children to sensory stimuli at school was evaluated using the Sensory Profile-2 (SP-2) questionnaire in its school version, answered by the teachers. (3) Results: Statistically significant differences were found in sensory processing patterns (p = 0.001), in sensory systems (p = 0.001) and in school factors (p = 0.001). Children with ASD who obtained worse results. (4) Conclusions: Children with ASD are prone to present sensory alterations in different contexts, giving nonadapted behavioral and learning responses

El mundo social de la discapacidad. Resultados de las páginas web

The interest of this work is to present the results of the analysis of the different web pages that offer information and / or services related to the world of disability. The analysis that has been carried out is intended only to know the most common characteristics of the visited web pages (associations, corporate entities related to disability) and to propose the use of certain elements that improve the browsing qualities of said pages for the benefit of the user. To do this, we have analyzed the web pages of the main national associations related to the world ofdisability.El interés deestetrabajo esexponer losresultados delanálisis delas distintas páginas web que ofrecen información y/o servicios relacionados con el mundo de la discapacidad. El análisis que se ha llevado a cabo pretende, únicamente, conocer las características más comunes de las páginas web visitadas (asociaciones, entidades corporativas relacionadas con la discapacidad) y proponer el uso de determinados elementos que mejoren las cualidades de navegación en dichas páginas en beneficio del usuario. Para ello, hemos analizado las páginas web de las principales asociaciones nacionales relacionadas con el mundo de la discapacidad

Ser discapacitados en España: políticas, partes interesadas y servicios

This study aims to review the historical path of policies that have bring Spanish country to develop an advanced system of protection and integration of disabled people in its society. Through the analysis of the three fundamental general laws, we argue as the Spanish legal framework for disability – rooted in its Constitutional Chart- transposed at national and local level the major UN and EU supranational legislation in the matter. In addition, we get a look also on the main stakeholders that facilitate the access of disabled people to services provided by national and local government. Finally, appendix 1 and 2 exemplify concrete measures in terms of aids and benefits for disabled people and policies in the field of sport and physical activities for them respectively. In theoretical terms, the review shows that the actual Spanish legal system -and its services system- agrees with the internationally shared social paradigm of disability and overcame the rehabilitation or medical model in whichrights and integration of disabled people were not fully acknowledged.El propósito de este trabajo es resumir el camino histórico de las políticas que llevaron España a desarrollar un sistema avanzado de protección y integración de personas con discapacidad en su sociedad. A través de análisis de las tres fundamentales leyes generales, nosotros argumentamos como es el marco legal español para discapacidad –arraigado en su Carta Constitucional- formuló a nivel nacional y local la mayor legislación supranacional de UN y EU en esta materia. Además, presentamos las principales partes implicadas que facilitan el acceso de personas con discapacidad a los servicios que el gobierno nacional y local proporcionan a los discapacitados. Finalmente, los puntos 4 y 5 ejemplifican respectivamentelas medidasconcretas de ayudasy beneficios para persona con discapacidad y las políticas para el deporte y la actividad física. Teóricamente, el resume muestra como  el actual sistema legal español – y su sistema de servicios- concuerdan con el paradigma social de discapacidad compartido a nivel internacional y fundamenta el modelo de rehabilitación o médico en el cual los derechos y la integración de las personas con discapacidad que no eran enteramente reconocidos y ahora ya lo son