Selective Methylation of Arenes: A Radical C−H Functionalization/Cross‐Coupling Sequence

A selective, nonchelation‐assisted methylation of arenes has been developed. The overall transformation, which combines a C−H functionalization reaction with a nickel‐catalyzed cross‐coupling, offers rapid access to methylated arenes with high para selectivity. The reaction is amenable to late‐stage methylation of small‐molecule pharmaceuticals

Different expressions of trypsin and chymotrypsin in relation to growth in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

The expressions of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the pyloric caeca of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were studied in three experiments. Two internal (trypsin phenotypes, life stages) and three common external factors (starvation, feeding, temperatures) influencing growth rates were varied. Growth was stimulated by increased temperature and higher feeding rate, and it was depressed during starvation. The interaction between trypsin phenotype and start-feeding temperature affected specific activity of trypsin, but not of chymotrypsin. Trypsin specific activity and the activity ratio of trypsin to chymotrypsin (T/C ratio) increased when growth was promoted. Chymotrypsin specific activity, on the other hand, increased when there was a reduction in growth rate whereas fish with higher growth had higher chymotrypsin specific activity resulting in lower T/C ratio value. During a rapid growth phase, trypsin specific activity did not correlate with chymotrypsin specific activity. On the other hand, a relationship between specific activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin could be observed when growth declined, such as during food deprivation. Trypsin is the sensitive key protease under conditions favouring growth and genetically and environmentally affected, while chymotrypsin plays a major role when growth is limited or depressed. Trypsin specific activity and the T/C ratio value are shown to be important factors in the digestion process affecting growth rate, and could be applicable as indicators for growth studies of fish in captive cultures and in the wild, especially when food consumption rate cannot be measured

Network Economics and the Environment: Insights and Perspectives

Local interactions and network structures appear to be a prominent feature of many environmental problems. This paper discusses a wide range of issues and potential areas of application, including the role of relational networks in the pattern of adoption of green technologies, common pool resource problems characterized by a multiplicity of sources, the role of social networks in multi-level environmental governance, infrastructural networks in the access to and use of natural resources such as oil and natural gas, the use of networks to describe the internal structure of inter-country relations in international agreements, and the formation of bilateral "links" in the process of building up an environmental coalition. For each of these areas, we examine why and how network economics would be an effective conceptual and analytical tool, and discuss the main insights that we can foresee

CHIRAL AMIDES IN ASYMMETRIC-SYNTHESIS

New strategies for the asymmetric vicinal acylation of olefins and the synthesis of enantiomerically pure amino acids are presented. Both use, as key step, a cycloaddition reaction involving a reagent easily prepared from chiral amides derived from pyrrolidines with C2 symmetry

8-(n-methyl-n-tosylamino)bicyclo[4.2.0]octane-7-spiro-2'-oxacyclopropane

C17H23NO3S, M(r) = 321.4, monoclinic, P2(1)/c, a = 8.724 (3), b = 12.009 (3), c = 15.780 (4) angstrom, beta = 91.81 (3)-degrees, V = 1652.4 (9) angstrom3, Z = 4, D(x) = 1.29 g CM-3, lambda(Mo Kalpha) = 0.71069 angstrom, mu = 2.08 cm-1, F(000) = 688, T = 291 K, R = 0.071 for 1671 observed reflections. In the four-membered ring the nitrogen substituent is exo; the ring is far from planar, with a dihedral angle about one diagonal of 32 (1)-degrees