Conceptualizing and measuring strategy implementation – a multi-dimensional view

Through quantitative methodological approaches for studying the strategic management and planning process, analysis of data from 208 senior managers involved in strategy processes within ten UK industrial sectors provides evidence on the measurement properties of a multi-dimensional instrument that assesses ten dimensions of strategy implementation. Using exploratory factor analysis, results indicate the sub-constructs (the ten dimensions) are uni-dimensional factors with acceptable reliability and validity; whilst using three additional measures, and correlation and hierarchical regression analysis, the nomological validity for the multi-dimensional strategy implementation construct was established. Relative importance of ten strategy implementation dimensions (activities) for practicing managers is highlighted, with the mutually and combinative effects drawing conclusion that senior management involvement leads the way among the ten key identified activities vital for successful strategy implementation

The PI3K/Akt Pathway Mediates the Nongenomic Cardioprotective Effects of Estrogen Following Trauma-hemorrhage

17β-Estradiol-BSA improved cardiac function following trauma-hemorrhage. The decreased cardiomyocyte PI3K protein expression, Akt phosphorylation, and increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis were reversed by 17β-estradiol-BSA. Co-administration of ICI 182,780/Wortmannin abolished the salutary effects of 17β-estradiol-BSA. Thus, PI3K/Akt pathway plays a critical role in mediating nongenomic effects of estrogen on cardiac function following trauma-hemorrhage