Innovation Challenges in Latin America

Innovation emerges as an option for companies to achieve growth and sustainability in a dynamic, complex and increasingly competitive environment. Thus, the innovation process has been analyzed from different perspectives, finding different definitions and classifications (Porter, 1998; Cooke, 2008; McCann and Ortega-Argiles, 2015; Geldes et al, 2017a).However, most innovation studies have focused on developed economies. In fact, in the case of Latin America, studies started late and are relatively scarce (Ketelhöhn and Ogliastri, 2013; Olavarrieta and Villena, 2014). In addition, it has been established that business innovation is determined by internal and external factors that are specific to each industrial sector and country, so those general recommendations can only be made to promote innovation in developing or emerging countries (Brenes et al, 2016; Geldes et al, 2017a; Heredia et al, 2018a). Moreover, there are specific variables in Latin American and emerging economies that affect innovation processes such as high levels of informal competition, low levels of inter-organizational cooperation, differences between companies in regions and capitals, among others (Pino et al, 2016; Brache and Felzensztein, 2017; Geldes et al, 2017b; Heredia et al, 2018b).Given the above, we propose this "special issue" of the Journal of Technology Management and Innovation (www.jotmi.org), with the purpose of contributing to the discussion of the challenges to promote innovation in Latin America. With the purpose of orienting the research proposals, we propose the Global Index of Innovation[1] as a framework, considering the disaggregation of its dimensions and components. It will allow shedding light on topics that can be addressed for this special issue oriented to the firm´s innovation, such as:InstitutionsEase of starting a businessEase of resolving insolvencyHuman Capital and ResearchResearchersGlobal R&D companiesInfrastructureUses and access of Information and Communication TechnologiesISO 14001 environmental certificatesMarket sophisticationEase of getting creditIntensity of local competitionDomestic market scaleBusiness sophisticationThe percentage of females employed with advanced degrees out of total employedUniversity/industry research collaborationIntellectual property paymentsResearch talent in business enterpriseKnowledge and technology outputsPatent applications by originNew business densityTotal computer software spendingHigh-tech exportsCreative outputs.Cultural and creative services exportsMobile app creation [1] https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/Hom

The New Strategy to The Legitimation of Informal Firms. : The Effects of The Signals and Biases on Decisions About Crowdfunding Digital Transformation

Competition between formal and informal companies has been increasingly studied. However, there is a lack of studies in the collaboration between formal and informal companies generated using crowdfunding platforms.  Based on the signaling theory and using the loans from 2019 of the Kiva crowdfunding platform. The drivers and enablers of the collaboration between formally registered firms (partners micro finances) and informal firms (unregistered firms - borrowers) in the context of the crowdfunding digital platform are studied. The results state a negative relationship between the lender's propensity to make loans and the informal firm's percentage borrowed. However, if the borrower receives a trustworthy partner (micro-finance), the borrower's negative impact decreases. Moreover, the lender's propensity to make loans lesser in projects of the tertiary sector. The study contributes to the entrepreneurship theory to understand the mechanism to legitimization the informal firm through collaboration with formal firms in the digital platforms

Unpacking the Precision Technologies for Adaptation of the Chilean Dairy Sector. A Structural-functional Innovation System Analysis.

Precision technologies and smart farming practices are spreading globally. However, there are still limited insights into how these technologies develop in newly adopted countries and adapt to different local systems, especially in emergent economies. This article aims to diagnose the technological innovation system of precision technologies within Chile's dairy sector, focusing on the possibilities of development and co-evolution. A structural-functional innovation system analysis is performed, based upon 41 semi-structured interviews. The main results indicate that precision technologies are in the implementation phase in the Chilean dairy sector, with scarce experience and undeveloped knowledge of their benefits. Moreover, there are insufficient interactions between different actors with limited information sharing due to the lack of trust as a cultural issue, affecting the development of smart farming practices. Some strategies to develop and co-evolve the technological systems are discussed, as is the need to increase trust and cooperation between the actors of the dairy sector

Los desafíos de la innovación en Latinoamérica

Actualmente, la innovación es considerada un imperativo estratégico para alcanzar el desarrollo económico y es la mejor opción para enfrentar los desafíos del futuro. Por ello, el estudio y el análisis de sus resultados constituyen una actividad relevante para el mundo académico, para el diseño de políticas públicas y para las revistas que difunden dicha información. Uno de los referentes más importantes en esta materia es el Índice Global de Innovación (GII) . Este informe, proporciona valores detallados sobre el desempeño de la innovación en 129 economías del mundo. Sus 80 indicadores aportan una visión amplia de la innovación, lo que incluye al entorno político, la educación, la infraestructura y la sofisticación del mercado entre otros

Innovation Challenges in Latin America

Innovation emerges as an option for companies to achieve growth and sustainability in a dynamic, complex and increasingly competitive environment. Thus, the innovation process has been analyzed from different perspectives, finding different definitions and classifications (Porter, 1998; Cooke, 2008; McCann and Ortega-Argiles, 2015; Geldes et al, 2017a). However, most innovation studies have focused on developed economies. In fact, in the case of Latin America, studies started late and are relatively scarce (Ketelhöhn and Ogliastri, 2013; Olavarrieta and Villena, 2014). In addition, it has been established that business innovation is determined by internal and external factors that are specific to each industrial sector and country, so those general recommendations can only be made to promote innovation in developing or emerging countries (Brenes et al, 2016; Geldes et al, 2017a; Heredia et al, 2018a). Moreover, there are specific variables in Latin American and emerging economies that affect innovation processes such as high levels of informal competition, low levels of inter-organizational cooperation, differences between companies in regions and capitals, among others (Pino et al, 2016; Brache and Felzensztein, 2017; Geldes et al, 2017b; Heredia et al, 2018b). Given the above, we propose this "special issue" of the Journal of Technology Management and Innovation (www.jotmi.org), with the purpose of contributing to the discussion of the challenges to promote innovation in Latin America. With the purpose of orienting the research proposals, we propose the Global Index of Innovation[1] as a framework, considering the disaggregation of its dimensions and components. It will allow shedding light on topics that can be addressed for this special issue oriented to the firm´s innovation, such as: Institutions• Ease of starting a business • Ease of resolving insolvency Human Capital and Research• Researchers • Global R&D companies Infrastructure • Uses and access of Information and Communication Technologies • ISO 14001 environmental certificates Market sophistication • Ease of getting credit • Intensity of local competition • Domestic market scale Business sophistication • The percentage of females employed with advanced degrees out of total employed • University/industry research collaboration • Intellectual property payments • Research talent in business enterprise Knowledge and technology outputs • Patent applications by origin • New business density • Total computer software spending • High-tech exports Creative outputs. • Cultural and creative services exports • Mobile app creation [1] https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/Hom

Effects of informal competition on innovation performance: the case of Pacific Alliance

This study evaluates the impact of informal competition on the innovation performance of formal firms in emerging economies. A theoretical model under the strategy tripod framework is proposed. It analyzes the effects of Institutional factors as the quality of governance and market labor rigidities on innovation performance, and the mediating effect of informal competition. It is used the Causal Mediation Analysis with data from 3,268 companies from the World Bank Enterprise Survey from countries of the Pacific Alliance (Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru). The results state that informal competition has a negative effect on the innovation performance of formal companies. Based on these findings, It is suggested some promising avenues for future research and managerial implications

Factores de riesgo social en estudiantes de educación física de la Universidad Andrés Bello campus Viña del Mar.

Tesis (Profesor de Educación Física para la Educación Básica, Licenciado en Educación)RESUMEN: La presente investigación se basa en los estudios realizados sobre el tabaco, drogas y alcohol principalmente dirigidos a los jóvenes chilenos, con el fin de conocer estos factores de riesgo social de los estudiantes de educación física de la Universidad Andrés Bello campus Viña Del Mar. Está centrada en demostrar el conocimiento que los estudiantes encuestados poseen acerca de estos factores, determinando la frecuencia y causas de su iniciación al consumo. Junto con conocer la percepción que tienen los estudiantes respecto a si puede o no influenciar a sus futuros alumnos. Presenta un estudio de tipo Descriptivo, con un diseño No Experimental. La muestra es Intencionada, aplicando un instrumento de tipo encuesta con preguntas abiertas y cerradas a cada estudiante de Educación Física de la Universidad Andrés Bello Campus Viña del Mar. Los principales análisis indican que la gran mayoría de los encuestados poseen muy poco conocimiento sobre estos factores. Que el inicio al consumo se debe principalmente a los amigos y curiosidad, mencionando en su mayoría que el hecho de consumir alguna de estas sustancias, sí puede influenciar a sus futuros alumnos. Palabras clave: EDUCACiÓN FíSICA, FACTORES DE RIESGO SOCIAL.ABSTRACT: The present research is based on the studies realized about the tobacco, drugs and alcohol. principally directed to the Chilean young persons, in order to know the factors of social risk for the students of physical education of the University Andrés Bello Campus Viña Del Mar. It is centered in demonstrating the knowledge that the polled students possess about these factors, determining the frequency and reasons of their initiation to the consumption, joined with knowing the perception that the students have on regarding if it can, or not, influence their own future pupils. The present research is a study of Descriptive type, with a Not Experimental designo The sample is Willfully, applying an instrument of type polls, with open and c10sed questions to every student of Physical Education of the University Andrés Bello Campus Viña Del Mar. The principal. conclusions indicate that the great majority of the polled ones possess very little knowledge about thesefactors, that the beginning to the consumption is principally the result of the friend's influence and curiosity, mentioning in majority that the fact of consuming sorne of these substances can influence their future pupils. Keywords: PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SOCIAL RISK FACTORS

Olive oil and the millennial generation in Chile. What do these consumers consider when buying this product?

This study aimed to identify the attributes influencing the purchase decision process of the olive oil consumer belonging to "Millennials" in the Metropolitan Region, Chile. The method includes data collection from 408 people and a combination of factorial and cluster analysis. The results identified two segments in the millennial consumers. In the purchasing, one of the consumer groups, with 150 people, attached importance to product information and origin, as well as oil category, colour, and acidity. The other group with 258 people rejected a large part of the attributes, except for that related to electronic commerce. These results suggest that the search for attractive attributes in a broad sense is relevant and should be considered in the development of commercial strategies for the segment that positively values all attributes. However, for that segment rejecting intrinsic attributes, it would be advisable to deepen on aspects related to technology and social network. Highlights Young consumers of olive oil in Chile. Signs for product development and marketing channels in the millennial generation. Important receptivity of the electronic channel for the marketing of olive oil.This study aimed to identify the attributes influencing the purchase decision process of the olive oil consumer belonging to "Millennials" in the Metropolitan Region, Chile. The method includes data collection from 408 people and a combination of factorial and cluster analysis. The results identified two segments in the millennial consumers. In the purchasing, one of the consumer groups, with 150 people, attached importance to product information and origin, as well as oil category, colour, and acidity. The other group with 258 people rejected a large part of the attributes, except for that related to electronic commerce. These results suggest that the search for attractive attributes in a broad sense is relevant and should be considered in the development of commercial strategies for the segment that positively values all attributes. However, for that segment rejecting intrinsic attributes, it would be advisable to deepen on aspects related to technology and social network. Highlights Young consumers of olive oil in Chile. Signs for product development and marketing channels in the millennial generation. Important receptivity of the electronic channel for the marketing of olive oil

Diagnóstico del capital intelectual en pequeñas empresas vinculadas al gremio “Descubre Curicó”: una aplicación de modelo Intelect

56 p.El capital intelectual (CI) ha sido reconocido como un componente central para generar valor y mejorar la competitividad en las empresas, por lo cual su gestión y medición constituye un reto fundamental para el logro de objetivos estratégicos empresariales. En este trabajo se realiza un diagnóstico del capital intelectual tomando como caso de estudio a tres empresas asociadas al gremio “Descubre Curicó” ubicado en la región del Maule. La medición se basó en una versión adaptada del Modelo Intelect, a través del cual se identificaron una serie de fortalezas y oportunidades de mejora que se espera sirvan de apoyo a la gestión de los activos intangibles y la innovación en estas empresas. Aunque con diferencias ente empresas, los resultados encontrados sugieren que es necesario adoptar acciones que permitan mejorar la gestión de los intangibles en ámbitos como (i) competencia y estabilidad del recurso humano; (ii) desarrollo de una cultura organizacional con valores y creencias compartidas; (ii) comunicación de la filosofía del negocio entre los trabajadores; (iii) procesos de apoyo para facilitar la generación de nuevas ideas y recursos externos para financiar la innovación; (iv) mecanismos de transmisión del conocimiento y apoyo a procesos a través de las TIC; (v) el establecimiento de condiciones para fomentar la actividad innovadora y transformar las capacidades de la empresa en innovaciones y (vi) las interrelación con organizaciones externas que permitan complementar las capacidades internas. Finalmente, el resultado de este trabajo refleja que la medición y análisis del CI es un elemento fundamental para la gestión y desarrollo de las empresas pertenecientes al gremio evaluado, para ello se hace necesario que estas sean apoyadas en cuanto a la aplicación de alguna metodología de medición tal como la propuesta en este trabajo. // ABSTRACT: Intellectual capital (IC) is recognized as a central component for the value generation and the improvement of competitiveness of firms. Therefore, to the achievement of strategic business objectives it is important to management, measurement and evaluate IC performance. The purpose of this study is to measure and analyze the intellectual capital of three enterprises associated to “Discover Curicó” business association located in the Maule region. The analysis was based on the application of an adapted version of the Intelect Model, through which a set of strengths and opportunities for improvement were identified, which are expected to support the management of intangible assets and innovation in these companies. Although with differences between firms, the results suggest that in the companies analyzed it is necessary to adopt actions that allow improving the management of intangibles in several areas such as: (i) the skills and stability of human resources; (ii) the development of an organizational culture with shared values and beliefs; (ii) communication of business philosophy to workers; (iii) support processes to facilitate the generation of new ideas and external resources to finance innovation; (iv) mechanisms for the knowledge diffusion and ICT infrastructure; (v) stablish conditions to promote innovative activity and transform the firm capabilities into innovations and (vi) interrelationships with external organizations that allow complementing internal capabilities. Finally, the study suggests that measuring and analyzing capital may be a useful tool for the management and boost the intangible assets of the companies belonging to the “Discover Curicó” business association. Therefore, it would be suitable to apply the proposed methodology to a greater number of firms linked to this business association

Reproducibilidad de los resultados de un instrumento para valorar incontinencia urinaria en ancianos, Chile

This research seeks the reproducibility of the results of a urinary incontinence assessment instrument in elderly or older adults of both sexes. This research was conducted in Chile's fifth region, during 2019 by using the questionnaire:International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short - Form (ICIQ-SF). The objective of the questionnaire is to assess urinary incontinence in a transversal way to the age and gender of the user. The questionnaire was originally validated in the English language, with a Cronbach Alfa coefficient of 0.95, with reliability rated as very satisfactory. Subsequently, in2004, validation of the Spanish version was carried out, allowing satisfactory values with anAlfa coefficient of Cronbach of 0.89. In Chile, in 2012, the instrument was validated by the University of the Andes in people benefiting from the National Health Fund (FONASA), but with the limitation of sex and age, due to its exclusive application in women, it obtained a Cronbach Alfa of 0.87, with adequate reliability. Material and Method. Quantitative study, convenience sample, 93 total adult participants over both sexes with an average age of 71.17 years and a standard deviation of 8,397. Results. The results obtained yielded a reliability of 0.684 with correction of inverted items. Conclusion. It is concluded that the instrument has low reliability, in consequence, it is recommended to modify the instrument to obtain statistically acceptable value in future research.Introducción. El objetivo fue determinar la reproducibilidad de los resultados de un instrumento de valoración de incontinencia urinaria en la población anciana o adulta mayor de ambos sexos, en la región de Valparaíso, Chile, durante el año 2019, por medio del cuestionario: Internacional Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form (ICIQ-SF), orientado a valorar la incontinencia urinaria de manera transversal a la edad y sexo del usuario. El cuestionario fue validado originalmente en el idioma inglés, con un coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach de 0,95, con una fiabilidad calificada como muy satisfactoria. Posteriormente, en el año 2004, se realizó la validación de la versión española, permitiendo valores satisfactorios con un coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach de 0,89. En Chile, en el año 2012, el instrumento fue validado por la Universidad de los Andes en personas beneficiarias del Fondo Nacional de Salud (FONASA), pero con la limitante de sexo y edad, debido a su aplicaciónexclusiva en mujeres, el cual obtuvo un Alfa de Cronbach de 0,87, con una adecuada confiabilidad. Material y Método. Estudio cuantitativo, muestra por conveniencia, contó con la participación de un total de 93 adultos mayores, aprobado por el Comité de ética Universidad santo Tomás. Resultados. La edad promedio fue de 71,17 años (DE=8,397), ambos sexos con predominio femenino, se logró una fiabilidad de 0,684 con corrección de ítems invertidos. Conclusión. El instrumento presenta baja confiabilidad, por lo cual se recomienda su modificación para obtener un valor aceptable desde el punto de vista estadístico en futuras investigaciones