Mobilising the Red Cross Journal: a charity’s periodical in wartime

The first issue of the Red Cross Journal was published in January 1914, only eight months before the outbreak of the First World War. This article explores the impact of the war on this publication, as the work of the charity it represented dramatically expanded over the course of the conflict. How did the Journal survive the war, at a time when the Red Cross was deeply involved in supporting soldiers? This article examines the genesis of this publication and its evolving role during the war. This periodical, we argue, not only helped raise awareness of the work carried out by the Red Cross, but it also served practical purposes in the areas of training and funding. This publication reveals an increasingly critical stance towards the British Empire’s enemies in the war, as well as the need for the British Red Cross Society to foster a sense of unity amongst members posted around the world

Losing face, finding love?: The fate of facially disfigured soldiers in narratives of the First World War

Changes in warfare, new weaponry and the absence of protective equipment meant that facial injuries were common during the First World War. The negative perceptions surrounding such wounds, described as ‘the worst loss of all’ (Anon. 1918), and the widespread expectation that facially disfigured combatants would be outcast from society, partly explain why facially injured combatants are rarely represented in wartime and interwar literature. This article however shows that the way in which the wounded combatants’ fates are portrayed in fiction differs significantly from these bleak predictions. This article examines the figure of the facially disfigured veteran in British narratives published during the First World War and its immediate aftermath. Drawing upon popular fiction such as Florence Ethel Mills Young’s Beatrice Ashleigh (1918) and Muriel Hine’s The Flight (1922), this article explores literary representations of disfigurement and depictions of the physical, psychological and social consequences of disfiguring injuries. In a context in which anxieties over the masculinity of disabled veterans were increasing, the depictions of fictional mutilated ex-servicemen’s reintegration into society are discussed with special emphasis on the agency of women, who appear to have the power, in Macdonald’s words, to make men ‘whole’ again (Macdonald 2016: 54)

La greffe générale: the voice of French facially injured soldiers

Like the combatants on the frontline, the wounded soldiers of the First World War wrote and published newspapers during the sometimes lengthy periods of time they spent in hospital. La Greffe Générale is the journal written by and for facially injured combatants treated at the Val-de-Grâce military hospital in Paris. Throughout the eight issues released between December 1917 and July 1918, the voices of these men can be heard. Whilst the surgeons’ perspective prevails in most remaining documents to do with French maxillofacial wards, La Greffe Générale gives an insight into the experiences of injury and treatment from the point of view of the wounded and convalescent combatants. The specific challenges faced by facially injured men are reflected in their writings, as this article shows. At the same time, their newspaper is in itself an attempt to respond to some of these issues. Ultimately, the patients’ publication reveals how gueules cassées, as French disfigured veterans came to be known, tried to collectively cope with their changed lives. The ethos reflected in, and fuelled by, La Greffe Générale played, this article argues, a significant part in the later constitution of the facially disfigured men’s organization, the Association des Gueules Cassées

Frederick Coates: First World War 'facial architect'

The role of artists in the First World War is often understood only in terms of their artistic response to the conflict in paint, music, sculpture or photography. In fact, artists’ contributions were also engaged at an applied level, in the areas of propaganda, camouflage, map-making and many other trades. Beyond this, a small number actively participated as artists in repairing the damage caused by the conflict. Frederick Coates, a British-born sculptor who emigrated to Canada in 1913, was one of these artists. After enlisting with the Canadian Expeditionary Force, he worked for three years alongside surgeons and other artists in England to try and help give new features to facially injured combatants. Drawing upon unpublished photographs and Coates’s own scrapbooks, this article investigates the young artist’s experience of the war and his contribution to the reconstruction of broken faces. Through a close examination of this ‘facial architect’, as Coates was called, this article gives a fresh insight into the work performed in maxillofacial hospitals during the First World War, especially with regard to Allied practitioners and patients. It also underlines the newly developed concept of, and importance of, cross-national, multi-disciplinary collaboration in plastic surgery wards, and the effects working in this environment had on the staff

The Destiny and Representations of Facially Disfigured Soldiers during the First World War and the Interwar Period in France, Germany and Great Britain

The frequency and seriousness of facial injuries during the First World War account for the presence of disfigured men in significant numbers in European interwar society. Physical reconstruction, psychological and social consequences had long-term consequences for experts and lay people alike. Despite the number of wounded men and the impact of disfigurement, the facially injured soldiers of the First World War have rarely been the focus of academic research. This thesis aims to bridge this gap through a careful investigation of the lives and representations of gueules cassées, as they came to be known in France. It examines the experience and perceptions of facial disfigurement from the moment of the injury and throughout the years following, thereby setting the parameters for a study of the real and the mediated presence of disfigured veterans in interwar society. The chronological frame of this study begins in 1914 and ends in 1939, since the perception and representations of facial disfigurement were of particular significance during the First World War and its aftermath. Using a comparative approach to explore the experience and representations of disfigurement, this study investigates the presence of facially injured combatants and veterans in 1920s and 1930s society. With an interdisciplinary perspective, literary and artistic depictions as well as historical documents are examined in order to complement contemporary descriptions with the voices of the men themselves. This study sheds new light on the history of wounded soldiers of the First World War through in-depth analysis of original documents from France, Germany and Great Britain. This thesis provides the first detailed comparative study of British, French and German disfigured men. It emphasises the at times paradoxical situation of veterans who sought to lead ordinary lives but also became symbols of the war. All five chapters highlight the visibility of facially injured men and explore different responses to their presence whilst also interrogating their role and image in wartime and interwar societies. As such it aims to make a contribution to the cultural history of the First World War and its aftermath.University of Exeter (PhD studentship-lectorship

‘An uglier duckling than before’: Reclaiming agency and visibility amongst facially-wounded ex-servicemen in Britain after the First World War

In total, 60,500 British soldiers were wounded in the head or eyes during the First World War. Despite these numbers facially-wounded ex-servicemen, in particular their post-war experiences, are largely overlooked in the social history of the conflict. Whilst part of a wider constituency of war-wounded veterans, owing to the value ascribed to the face in terms of personal identity and socio-economic values, disfigured veterans were excluded from the discourse of masculine heroism in which other war wounds were framed. Narratives of facial injury emphasised despairing passivity, which acted to emasculate and ‘other’ the facially-wounded. How accurately though does this reflect their lived experiences? Using first-hand testimony from facially-injured ex-servicemen this article challenges the representation of the disfigured veteran as passive, arguing that men exercised agency through their self-representations and behavioural responses. Drawing on normative conceptions of masculinity, and on idealised images of war-wounded veterans, facially-wounded ex-servicemen constructed counter-narratives of their emotional response to facial injury which emphasised conformity to these ideals. The conceptualisation of disfigurements as war wounds, and the high cultural status of the war-disabled, allowed facially-wounded ex-servicemen to reclaim the masculine status which they were denied in popular representations, and to assert their right to social visibility in post-war Britain

Развитие стресс-менеджмента в системе управления персоналом предприятия на примере ОАО "Томскнефть" ВНК

Стресс-менеджмент и его методика позволяют быстро и эффективно решить стрессовую ситуацию возникшую в организации. Развитие стресс-менеджмента в системе управления персоналом предприятия позволит сформировать конструктивное отношение к стрессовым ситуациям на рабочем месте. Большую часть своего времени современный человек проводит на работе. Высокая нагрузка на работе; недостаточное количество сна; конфликты на работе; отсутствие контроля; отсутствие эмоциональной поддержки со стороны сослуживцев приводят к выявлению у человека одного из синдромов: "boreout" или "burnout". В данной работе были сформированы методические указания конструктивного отношения к стрессовым ситуациям и методам саморегулирования.Stress management and its methodology allow to quickly and effectively solve the stressful situation that arose in the organization. The development of stress management in the personnel management system of the enterprise will allow to form a constructive attitude to stressful situations in the workplace. Most of his time a modern man spends at work. High work load; Insufficient sleep; Conflicts at work; Lack of control; The lack of emotional support from co-workers lead to the identification of a person in one of the syndromes: "boreout" or "burnout". In this work, methodical instructions for a constructive attitude to stressful situations and methods of self-regulation have been formed