VIBRATION-BASED HEALTH MONITORING OF ROTATING SYSTEMS WITH GYROSCOPIC EFFECT

This thesis focuses on the simulation of the gyroscopic effect using the software MSC Adams. A simple shaft-disk system was created and parameter of the sys-tem were changed in order to study the influence of the gyroscopic effect. It was shown that an increasing bearing stiffness reduces the precession motion. Fur-thermore, it was shown that the gyroscopic effect vanishes if the disk of system is placed symmetrically on the shaft, which reduces the system to a Jeffcott-Ro-tor. The second objective of this study was to analyze different defects in a simple fixed axis gear set. In particular, a cracked shaft, a cracked pinion and a chipped pinion as well as a healthy gear system were created and tested in Adams. The contact force between the two gears was monitored and the 2D and 3D frequency spectrum, as well as the Wavelet Transform, were plotted in order to compare the individual defects. It was shown that the Wavelet Transform is a powerful tool, capable of identifying a cracked gear with a non-constant speed. The last part of this study included fault detection with statistical methods as well as with the Sideband Energy Ratio (SER). The time domain signal of the individual faults were used to compare the mean, the standard deviation and the root mean square. Furthermore, the noise profile in the frequency spectrum was tracked with statistical methods using the mean and the standard deviation. It was demonstrated that it is possible to identify a cracked gear, as well as a chipped gear, with statistical methods. However, a cracked shaft could not be identified. The results also show that SER was only capable to identify major defects in a gear system such as a chipped tooth

Unfair Contract terms in the Contract law of the Republic of Macedonia

The answer to the question what would constitute a contract term in the recent years, espe- cially with the introduction of the e-commerce, is changing. Traditionally a contract is understood as legal act that the parties have negotiated and agreed upon. The changes in the manners of trade of goods and services have brought a new light to this definition. Very often in the contemporary trade the parties (only) agree to what has been proposed and drafted by the other party. This provides for an opportunity such position to be misused to the detriment of the other party, which does not have the time or the knowledge to properly understand the meaning of specific contract clauses. The law is not and cannot be silent on this situation. Its role is to provide grounds for fair dealings and equal- ity of the parties. The legal mechanisms for the assessment of the fairness of specific contract terms exist for this purpos

Karakteristike sojeva bakterija roda Pseudomonas izolovanih iz obolelih grana šljive

Characteristics of Pseudomonas syringae strains isolated from diseased plum trees are presented is this paper. Based on pathogenic, biochemical and physiological characteristics, isolated starins were divided into two groups: First group of strains, isolated from diseased plum branches with symptoms of suden decay, was simillar to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae; second group of strains, isolated from necrotic flower buds on plum trees, exhibited characteristics simillar to Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum. In addition, phytopathogenic fungi belonging to genera Phomopsis, Botryosphaeria and Leucostoma, were also isolated from diseased plum trees. Further study of these pathogens and their role in the epidemiology of suden plum trees decay is in progress.U radu su prikazane karakteristike sojeva bakterije Pseudomonas syringae izolovanih iz nekrozom zahvaćenih tkiva šljive. Na osnovu patogenih i biohemijsko-fizioloških odlika proučavane izolate smo svrstali u dve grupe: I grupa sojeva izolovana je iz obolelih grana šljive sa simptomima sušenja i oni su prema svojim odlikama slični Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae; II grupa sojeva izolovana je iz nekrotičnih cvetnih pupoljaka šljive i oni ispoljavaju karakteristike tipične za Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum. Iz obolelih grana šljive, pored ovih bakterija, izolovane su i gljive rodova Phomopsis, Botryosphaeria i Leucostoma. Dalja proučavanja ovih patogena i njihova uloga u pojavi iznenadnog sušenja mladih stabala šljive su u toku

Erwinia amylovora – prouzrokovač nekroze korenovog vrata stabla jabuke

A large-scale outbreak of fire blight symptoms caused by Erwinia amylovora was recorded in pome fruit trees during 2007. In addition to fruit necrosis and shoot blight as the typical disease symptoms, dark purple necrosis was observed in the root collar area girdling the trunk just above the ground and thus withering the whole apple tree. Since similar symptoms on apple trees could be caused by E. amylovora or one of several phytopathogenic fungi of the genera Phomopsis and Phytophthora, an investigation was conducted to identify the causal agent of this disease. Levan-producing, nonfluorescent bacteria were isolated from diseased samples. The isolated strains produced HR in tobacco leaves and necrosis of artificially inoculated, immature pear fruits, followed by oozing of bacterial exudate, a characterisitic of E. amylovora. Based on the results of pathogenicity tests, biochemical characteristics, ELISA test and PCR analysis, it was confirmed that the investigated strains belonged to E. amylovora, causing the root collar necrosis of apple trees as an atypical symptom of this bacterium in Serbia. The explanation of this symptom may be that the vegetative rootstocks were infected with E. amylovora. Therefore, the development of diagnostic protocols for detection of E. amylovora in apple rootstock is very important for health inspections of planting materials.Tokom 2007. godine zabeležena je masovna pojava bakteriozne plamenjače jabučastih voćaka prouzrokovana bakterijom Erwinia amylovora. Pored nekroze plodova i plamenjače mladara, tipičnih simptoma bolesti, našu pažnju je privukla pojava nekroze mrkoljubičaste boje u zoni korenovog vrata, koja prstenasto zahvata prizemni deo i prouzrokuje izumiranje stabala jabuke. S obzirom na to da uzrok ovakvih patoloških promena može da bude E. amylovora, ali i fitopatogene gljive iz rodova Phomopsis i Phytophthora, preduzeta su istraživanja sa ciljem da se utvrdi etiologija ovog oboljenja jabuke. Iz obolelih uzoraka izolovane su bakterije koje stvaraju levan, ali ne i fluorescentni pigment. Proučavani sojevi prouzrokovali su HR na listovima duvana i nekrozu inokulisanih, nesazrelih plodova kruške, uz obilno stvaranje bakterijskog eksudata, što je karakterističan znak E. amylovora. Na osnovu rezultata dobijenih pri testovima provere patogenosti, ali i rezultata biohemijskih odlika, ELISA testa i molekularnih metoda (PCR), potvrđeno je da proučavani izolati pripadaju bakteriji E. amylovora, koja je uzročnik simptoma nekroze korenovog vrata stabala jabuke, prvi put zabeleženih u Srbiji. Moguće objašnjenje ove pojave je da su vegetativne podloge za kalemljenje bile inficirane ovom bakterijom. Zbog toga je veoma bitno razvijati dijagnostičke protokole za utvrđivanje prisustva E. amylovora u podlogama za kalemljenje jabuke, tokom procesa kontrole zdravstvene ispravnosti sadnog materijala

Using YouTube: Practical Consequences of the Approach Adopted by EU Copyright Law

556-565EU copyright law, in connection with exceptions and limitations to copyright, is far from harmonized. This paper examines exceptions and limitations in EU copyright law, with regard to the feasibility of the system established by the InfoSoc Directive. Factual situations of everyday use of works via YouTube and similar sites have been presented in order to establish whether the legal treatment of such uses as infringement of copyright is really the right path to take. Following the review of current developments in EU copyright policy, the paper argues the need for a system of copyright in which holders enjoy more limited rights. Nevertheless, due to the evident political infeasibility of the proposal, the paper argues the introduction of a general and broad fair use exception which would amount to a system of copyright protection which better aligns with the expectations and actual activities of ordinary people

Izrada građanskog zakona

Истражувањето се однесува на прашања во врска со процесот на изработка на граѓански законик во Македонија, анализа на постоечките правни прописи од областа на граѓанското право- општ дел, стварното право и облигационото право

Koncept raskida ugovora zbog (materijalnih) nedostataka ispunjenja

U radu razgledamo koncept raskida ugovora zbog materijalnih nedostataka ispunjenja ugovorne obaveze, kako je razrađen u saveznom Zakonu o obligacionim odnosima iz 1978 godine. Isti koncept, sa manjim ili nikakvim intervencijama, prihvataju i zakonodavstva zemalja naslednica Socijalističke Jugoslavije. Načelno, zakon uslovljava raskid ugovora zbog materijalnih nedostataka ispunjenja ostavljanjem naknadnog primerenog roka za pravilno ispunjenje ugovorne obaveze. Ugovor se, pak, raskida po samom zakonu i to protekom ostavljenog naknadnog primerenog roka. Konstatiramo da je obim primene jednostranog raskida ugovora, po zakonu, ili nejasan ili suviše ograničen. Dalje, dajemo načelan pregled koncepata raskida ugovora zbog neurednog ispunjenja u međunarodnim instrumentima ugovornog prava. Naš je zaključak da praksi i pravnoj sigurnosti više pogoduje uvođenje izričitog razlikovanja između bitnog i nebitnog neispunjenja ugovora. Iako jednostrani raskid ugovora smatramo pravilnijim, smatramo da je moguće zadržati i koncept raskida ugovora po samom zakonu, uz mogućnost da poverilac održi ugovor na snazi. Ključne reči: materijalni nedostaci, raskid, naknadni primereni rok, bitno neispunjenj

Liability for material defects

The domestic legal system, or the Macedonian Law of Contracts and Torts, incorporates the concept of the Federal Law of Contracts and Torts from 1978. Namely, there is difference between cases of failure to perform (entirely or in part) a contractual obligation and cases of performance of an obligation lacking conformity. Performance lacking conformity (performance with material and legal defects) is regulated separately in the provisions of LCT addressing the liability of the seller, while the provisions in the general part of the law (art. 110) extend the application of these rules to all bilateral contracts, unless provisions of specific bilateral contracts contain different rules. There- fore, there is a legislative tendency to separate cases of failure to perform and those of performance lacking conformity, however, this is not always possible in practice. In principle, the LCT concept is not very different from the concept accepted in CISG. This, of course, refers more to the matter of existence of material defects, or existence of non-conformity of goods. Differences do exist, how- ever, in legal remedies, particularly with regard to requirements for individual legal remedies (ter- mination, (due) performance, price reduction, damages). Having this in mind, we can say that the domestic legislator did take into account the provisions of CISG, or the provisions of earlier Hague Conventions. The source of non-compliance between the CISG concept and the concept of domestic legislation is, however, the solution of the latter that rejects the fundamental breach of contract and therefore creates an expressed duality between legal remedies in cases of lack of conformity and cases of failure to perform

Remedies for non performance in sales contracts - damage and interest

The right to compensation for damage due to breach of contract exists in both situations of non-fulfilment of sales contracts, or in situations of lateness, and in situations of improper con- tract fulfilment. When the contract was terminated due to non-fulfilment, according to the general rules on liability for non-fulfilment of contract, both parties are exempted from the obligations with the exception of the obligation of compensation for potential damage (Article 121(1) LO). This is also according to general rules on lateness, i.e. the general rules on non-fulfilment, Namely, when the debtor fails to fulfil an obligation or is overdue in its fulfilment, the creditor has the right to request compensation for the damage incurred as a consequence thereof (Article 251(2) LO). For damages due to lateness in fulfilling the contract and a debtor that the creditor has provided with an adequate additional time for fulfilment (Article 251 (3) LO). Bearing in mind these provisions, the right to compensation for damage exists in the case of contract termination, also when the contract has been fulfilled but belatedly. Regarding the improper fulfilment of a sales contract, the right to compensation of damage is the right of the buyer, and can request proper fulfilment, also in cases when requests for termination of contract or lowering of price were selected (Article 476(2) LO)