Effets de diverses cytokines et de la toxine du choléra sur la susceptibilité des cellules épithéliales intestinales à l'infection par le VIH-1

Les infections pédiatriques par le VIH-1 demeurent un problème de santé majeur dans les pays en voie de développement. En 2007, 2 millions d'enfants âgés de 0 à 14 ans étaient porteurs du VIH-l. Or, plus de 99% des cas pédiatriques de VIH-1 résultent de la transmission du virus de la mère à l'enfant. L'allaitement est responsable de plus de 40% des cas pédiatriques du VIH-1. La transmission survient principalementment au niveau des intestins et implique, entre autres, l'infection des cellules épithéliales intestinales. Les facteurs influençant l'infection de ces cellules par le VIH-1 demeurent cependant peu connus. Afin de mieux les comprendre, nous avons analysé l'effet de différentes cytokines et d'un produit bactérien, la toxine du choléra, sur la susceptibilité des cellules épithéliales intestinales à l'infection par le VIH-1. Nous avons découvert que plusieurs cytokines pouvaient influencer l'infection des cellules épithéliales intestinales par le VIH-1. Les cytokines de type pro-inflammatoire telles que l' IL-1 (u et ~) et le TNF -u sont capables d'induire la transcription virale, tandis que les cytokines IL-4 et IL-13 inhibent l'infection par le VIH-l. Cette inhibition survient à une étape subséquente à la fusion virale et entraîne une diminution de la synthèse de l'ADN pro viral complet. Nous avons également découvert que la toxine produite par la bactérie Vibrio cholerae, la toxine du choléra, est également capable d'inhiber l'infection par le VIH-1 et que cette inhibition n'impliquait pas l'activation de la protéine kinase A (PKA). Ces résultats pennettent de mieux comprendre comment l'environnement des cellules épithéliales intestinales peut influencer leur susceptibilité à l'infection par le VIH-1. Une meilleure compréhension de l'influence de l'environnement intestinal sur la susceptibilité des cellules épithéliales intestinales à l'infection par le VIH-1 est essentielle à l'élaboration de nouvelles stratégies afin de réduire la transmission du VIH -1 par l'allaitement

Competition between the Modulation Instability and Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in a Broadband Slow Light Device

We observe competition between the modulation instability (MI) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in a 9.2-GHz broadband SBS slow light device, in which a standard 20-km-long single-mode LEAF fibre is used as the SBS medium. We find that MI is dominant and depletes most of the pump power when we use an intense pump beam at ~1.55 {\mu}m, where the LEAF fibre is anomalously dispersive. The dominance of the MI in the LEAF-fibre-based system suppresses the SBS gain, degrading the SBS slow light delay and limiting the SBS gain-bandwidth to 126 dB \cdot GHz. In a dispersion-shifted highly nonlinear fibre, the SBS slow light delay is improved due to the suppression of the MI, resulting in a gain-bandwidth product of 344 dB \cdot GHz, limited by our available pump power of 0.82 W

A Computational Model of Reactive Oxygen Species and Redox Balance in Cardiac Mitochondria

AbstractElevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in cardiac myocyte signaling in both healthy and diseased cells. Mitochondria represent the predominant cellular source of ROS, specifically the activity of complexes I and III. The model presented here explores the modulation of electron transport chain ROS production for state 3 and state 4 respiration and the role of substrates and respiratory inhibitors. Model simulations show that ROS production from complex III increases exponentially with membrane potential (ΔΨm) when in state 4. Complex I ROS release in the model can occur in the presence of NADH and succinate (reverse electron flow), leading to a highly reduced ubiquinone pool, displaying the highest ROS production flux in state 4. In the presence of ample ROS scavenging, total ROS production is moderate in state 3 and increases substantially under state 4 conditions. The ROS production model was extended by combining it with a minimal model of ROS scavenging. When the mitochondrial redox status was oxidized by increasing the proton permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane, simulations with the combined model show that ROS levels initially decline as production drops off with decreasing ΔΨm and then increase as scavenging capacity is exhausted. Hence, this mechanistic model of ROS production demonstrates how ROS levels are controlled by mitochondrial redox balance

Induction of galectin-1 expression by HTLV-I Tax and its impact on HTLV-I infectivity

© 2008 Gauthier et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens

Safety Assessment of Graphene-Based Materials: Focus on Human Health and the Environment

Graphene and its derivatives are heralded as 'miracle' materials with manifold applications in different sectors of society from electronics to energy storage to medicine. The increasing exploitation of graphene-based materials (GBMs) necessitates a comprehensive evaluation of the potential impact of these materials on human health and the environment. Here we discuss synthesis and characterization of GBMs as well as human and environmental hazard assessment of GBMs using in vitro and in vivo model systems with the aim to understand the properties that underlie the biological effects of these materials; not all GBMs are alike, and it is essential that we disentangle the structure-activity relationships for this class of materials

Mild reductions in cytosolic NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase activity result in lower amino acid contents and pigmentation without impacting growth

Transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants were generated targeting the cytosolic NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase gene (SlICDH1) via the RNA interference approach. The resultant transformants displayed a relatively mild reduction in the expression and activity of the target enzyme in the leaves. However, biochemical analyses revealed that the transgenic lines displayed a considerable shift in metabolism, being characterized by decreases in the levels of the TCA cycle intermediates, total amino acids, photosynthetic pigments, starch and NAD(P)H. The plants showed little change in photosynthesis with the exception of a minor decrease in maximum photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), and a small decrease in growth compared to the wild type. These results reveal that even small changes in cytosolic NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase activity lead to noticeable alterations in the activities of enzymes involved in primary nitrate assimilation and in the synthesis of 2-oxoglutarate derived amino acids. These data are discussed within the context of current models for the role of the various isoforms of isocitrate dehydrogenase within plant amino acid metabolism

The Wnt Receptor Ryk Reduces Neuronal and Cell Survival Capacity by Repressing FOXO Activity During the Early Phases of Mutant Huntingtin Pathogenicity

The Wnt receptor Ryk is an evolutionary-conserved protein important during neuronal differentiation through several mechanisms, including γ-secretase cleavage and nuclear translocation of its intracellular domain (Ryk-ICD). Although the Wnt pathway may be neuroprotective, the role of Ryk in neurodegenerative disease remains unknown. We found that Ryk is up-regulated in neurons expressing mutant huntingtin (HTT) in several models of Huntington's disease (HD). Further investigation in Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse striatal cell models of HD provided a model in which the early-stage increase of Ryk promotes neuronal dysfunction by repressing the neuroprotective activity of the longevity-promoting factor FOXO through a noncanonical mechanism that implicates the Ryk-ICD fragment and its binding to the FOXO co-factor β-catenin. The Ryk-ICD fragment suppressed neuroprotection by lin-18/Ryk loss-of-function in expanded-polyQ nematodes, repressed FOXO transcriptional activity, and abolished β-catenin protection of mutant htt striatal cells against cell death vulnerability. Additionally, Ryk-ICD was increased in the nucleus of mutant htt cells, and reducing γ-secretase PS1 levels compensated for the cytotoxicity of full-length Ryk in these cells. These findings reveal that the Ryk-ICD pathway may impair FOXO protective activity in mutant polyglutamine neurons, suggesting that neurons are unable to efficiently maintain function and resist disease from the earliest phases of the pathogenic process in HD. © 2014 Tourette et al