113 research outputs found

    BOLD-Perfusion Coupling during Monocular and Binocular Stimulation

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    Previous studies have suggested that during selective activation of a subset of the zones comprising a columnar system in visual cortex, perfusion increases uniformly in all columns of the system, while increases in oxidative metabolism occur predominantly in the activated columns. This could lead to disproportionately large blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal increases for a given flow increase during monocular (relative to binocular) stimulation, due to contributions from columns which undergo large increases in perfusion with little or no change in oxidative metabolism. In the present study, we sought to test this hypothesis by measuring BOLD-perfusion coupling ratios in spatially averaged signals over V1 during monocular and binocular visual stimulation. It was found that, although withholding input to one eye resulted in statistically significant decreases in BOLD and perfusion signals in primary visual cortex, the ratio between BOLD and perfusion increases did not change significantly. These results do not support a gross mismatch between spatial patterns of flow and metabolism response during monocular stimulation

    Quantitative functional neuroimaging of cerebral physiology in healthy aging

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    Les Ă©tudes d’imagerie par rĂ©sonance magnĂ©tique fonctionnelle (IRMf) ont pour prĂ©misse gĂ©nĂ©rale l’idĂ©e que le signal BOLD peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ© comme un succĂ©danĂ© direct de l’activation neurale. Les Ă©tudes portant sur le vieillissement cognitif souvent comparent directement l’amplitude et l’étendue du signal BOLD entre des groupes de personnes jeunes et ĂągĂ©s. Ces Ă©tudes comportent donc un a priori additionnel selon lequel la relation entre l’activitĂ© neurale et la rĂ©ponse hĂ©modynamique Ă  laquelle cette activitĂ© donne lieu restent inchangĂ©e par le vieillissement. Cependant, le signal BOLD provient d’une combinaison ambiguĂ« de changements de mĂ©tabolisme oxydatif, de flux et de volume sanguin. De plus, certaines Ă©tudes ont dĂ©montrĂ© que plusieurs des facteurs influençant les propriĂ©tĂ©s du signal BOLD subissent des changements lors du vieillissement. L’acquisition d’information physiologiquement spĂ©cifique comme le flux sanguin cĂ©rĂ©bral et le mĂ©tabolisme oxydatif permettrait de mieux comprendre les changements qui sous-tendent le contraste BOLD, ainsi que les altĂ©rations physiologiques et cognitives propres au vieillissement. Le travail prĂ©sentĂ© ici dĂ©montre l’application de nouvelles techniques permettant de mesurer le mĂ©tabolisme oxydatif au repos, ainsi que pendant l’exĂ©cution d’une tĂąche. Ces techniques reprĂ©sentent des extensions de mĂ©thodes d’IRMf calibrĂ©e existantes. La premiĂšre mĂ©thode prĂ©sentĂ©e est une gĂ©nĂ©ralisation des modĂšles existants pour l’estimation du mĂ©tabolisme oxydatif Ă©voquĂ© par une tĂąche, permettant de prendre en compte tant des changements arbitraires en flux sanguin que des changements en concentrations sanguine d’O2. Des amĂ©liorations en terme de robustesse et de prĂ©cisions sont dĂ©montrĂ©es dans la matiĂšre grise et le cortex visuel lorsque cette mĂ©thode est combinĂ©e Ă  une manipulation respiratoire incluant une composante d’hypercapnie et d’hyperoxie. Le seconde technique prĂ©sentĂ©e ici est une extension de la premiĂšre et utilise une combinaison de manipulations respiratoires incluant l’hypercapnie, l’hyperoxie et l’administration simultanĂ©e des deux afin d’obtenir des valeurs expĂ©rimentales de la fraction d’extraction d’oxygĂšne et du mĂ©tabolisme oxydatif au repos. Dans la deuxiĂšme partie de cette thĂšse, les changements vasculaires et mĂ©taboliques liĂ©s Ă  l’ñge sont explorĂ©s dans un groupe de jeunes et aĂźnĂ©s, grĂące au cadre conceptuel de l’IRMf calibrĂ©e, combinĂ© Ă  une manipulation respiratoire d’hypercapnie et une tĂąche modifiĂ©e de Stroop. Des changements de flux sanguin au repos, de rĂ©activitĂ© vasculaire au CO2 et de paramĂštre de calibration M ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s chez les aĂźnĂ©s. Les biais affectant les mesures de signal BOLD obtenues chez les participants ĂągĂ©s dĂ©coulant de ces changements physiologiques sont de plus discutĂ©s. Finalement, la relation entre ces changements cĂ©rĂ©braux et la performance dans la tĂąche de Stroop, la santĂ© vasculaire centrale et la condition cardiovasculaire est explorĂ©e. Les rĂ©sultats prĂ©sentĂ©s ici sont en accord avec l’hypothĂšse selon laquelle une meilleure condition cardiovasculaire est associĂ©e Ă  une meilleure fonction vasculaire centrale, contribuant ainsi Ă  l’amĂ©lioration de la santĂ© vasculaire cĂ©rĂ©brale et cognitive.Functional MRI (fMRI) studies using the BOLD signal are done under the general assumption that the BOLD signal can be used as a direct index of neuronal activation. Studies of cognitive aging often compare BOLD signal amplitude and extent directly between younger and older groups, with the additional assumption that the relationship between neuronal activity and the hemodynamic response is unchanged across the lifespan. However, BOLD signal arises from an ambiguous mixture of changes in oxidative metabolism, blood flow and blood volume. Furthermore, previous studies have shown that several BOLD signal components may be changed during aging. More physiologically-specific information on blood flow and oxidative metabolism would allow a better understanding of these signal changes and of the physiological and cognitive changes seen with aging. The work presented here demonstrates techniques to estimate oxidative metabolism at rest and during performance of a task. These techniques are extensions of previous calibrated fMRI methods and the first method presented is based on a generalization of previous models to take into account both arbitrary changes in blood flow and blood O2 content. The improved robustness and accuracy of this method, when used with a combined hypercapnia and hyperoxia breathing manipulation, is demonstrated in visual cortex and grey matter. The second technique presented builds on the generalization of the model and uses a combination of breathing manipulations including hypercapnia, hyperoxia and both simultaneously, to obtain experimentally-determined values of resting oxygen extraction fraction and oxidative metabolism. In the second part of this thesis, age-related vascular and metabolic changes are explored in a group of younger and older adults using a calibrated fMRI framework with a hypercapnia breathing manipulation and a modified Stroop task. Changes in baseline blood flow, vascular reactivity to the CO2 challenge and calibration parameter M were identified in the older participants. Potential biases in BOLD signal measurements in older adults arising from these physiological changes are discussed. Finally, the relationship between these cerebral changes and performance on the modified Stroop task, central vascular health and cardiovascular fitness are explored. The results of this thesis support the hypothesis that greater cardiovascular fitness is associated with improvements in central vascular function, contributing in turn to improved brain vascular health and cognition

    Messianismes et millénarismes 

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    Nous devons Ă  Berg International la rĂ©Ă©dition du dictionnaire sur les messianismes et millĂ©narismes publiĂ© en 1969 par Henri Desroche (1914-1994). Initiateur aprĂšs-guerre d'une nouvelle sociologie des religions, cet auteur avait notamment introduit la notion d'uthĂ©isme, un espace de croyance au-delĂ  des thĂ©ismes et athĂ©ismes. Ce livre est le reflet tant des intĂ©rĂȘts intellectuels d'un homme que du moment historique de sa parution. C'est un peu l'un et l'autre que nous devons tenter de restitu..

    La Matiùre de l’Apocalypse

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    « Tant qu’il y a de la mort, il y a de l’espoir .» (Lampedusa, Le GuĂ©pard) « Daniel » paraissait immortel Ă  tous ceux qui l’aimaient ; comment diable pouvoir ĂȘtre Ă  ce point omniprĂ©sent, attentif Ă  tous et Ă  tout, semblant hors d’atteinte de toute fatigue mĂȘme, sans avoir prĂ©alablement vaincu la MatiĂšre, la nĂ©cessaire nature pĂ©rissable de la chair, corollaire de la faute primordiale d’Adam dans la pensĂ©e judĂ©o-chrĂ©tienne ? La mort, sa consĂ©quence, est inscrite dans une durĂ©e de temps limitĂ©e,..

    Daniel Fabre, Bataille Ă  Lascaux. Comment l’art prĂ©historique apparut aux enfants

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    Daniel Fabre dĂ©voile dans ce livre ce que fut pour Georges Bataille la dĂ©couverte de l’art prĂ©historique. Le principal tĂ©moignage qu’il utilise est un ouvrage paru en 1955, La peinture prĂ©historique. Lascaux et la naissance de l’art, auquel il adjoint d’autres sources (scripturaires et photographiques), publiĂ©es ou encore inĂ©dites. L’auteur de L’expĂ©rience intĂ©rieure n’a assurĂ©ment pas abordĂ© Lascaux en prĂ©historien. Ce qui l’intĂ©resse est ce moment du 12 septembre 1940 oĂč, dans une grotte pĂ©..

    Daniel Fabre, Bataille Ă  Lascaux. Comment l’art prĂ©historique apparut aux enfants

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    Daniel Fabre dĂ©voile dans ce livre ce que fut pour Georges Bataille la dĂ©couverte de l’art prĂ©historique. Le principal tĂ©moignage qu’il utilise est un ouvrage paru en 1955, La peinture prĂ©historique. Lascaux et la naissance de l’art, auquel il adjoint d’autres sources (scripturaires et photographiques), publiĂ©es ou encore inĂ©dites. L’auteur de L’expĂ©rience intĂ©rieure n’a assurĂ©ment pas abordĂ© Lascaux en prĂ©historien. Ce qui l’intĂ©resse est ce moment du 12 septembre 1940 oĂč, dans une grotte pĂ©..

    BOLD signal physiology: Models and applications

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    The BOLD contrast mechanism has a complex relationship with functional brain activity, oxygen metabolism, and neurovascular factors. Accurate interpretation of the BOLD signal for neuroscience and clinical applications necessitates a clear understanding of the sources of BOLD contrast and its relationship to underlying physiology. This review describes the physiological components that contribute to the BOLD signal and the steady-state calibrated BOLD models that enable quantification of functional changes with a separate challenge paradigm. The principles derived from these biophysical models are then used to interpret BOLD measurements in different neurological disorders in the presence of confounding vascular factors related to disease

    Cortical lamina-dependent blood volume changes in human brain at 7T

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    Cortical layer-dependent high (sub-millimeter) resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in human or animal brain can be used to address questions regarding the functioning of cortical circuits, such as the effect of different afferent and efferent connectivities on activity in specific cortical layers. The sensitivity of gradient echo (GE) blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses to large draining veins reduces its local specificity and can render the interpretation of the underlying laminar neural activity impossible. The application of the more spatially specific cerebral blood volume (CBV)-based fMRI in humans has been hindered by the low sensitivity of the noninvasive modalities available. Here, a vascular space occupancy (VASO) variant, adapted for use at high field, is further optimized to capture layer-dependent activity changes in human motor cortex at sub-millimeter resolution. Acquired activation maps and cortical profiles show that the VASO signal peaks in gray matter at 0.8–1.6 mm depth, and deeper compared to the superficial and vein-dominated GE-BOLD responses. Validation of the VASO signal change versus well-established iron-oxide contrast agent based fMRI methods in animals showed the same cortical profiles of CBV change, after normalization for lamina-dependent baseline CBV. In order to evaluate its potential of revealing small lamina-dependent signal differences due to modulations of the input-output characteristics, layer-dependent VASO responses were investigated in the ipsilateral hemisphere during unilateral finger tapping. Positive activation in ipsilateral primary motor cortex and negative activation in ipsilateral primary sensory cortex were observed. This feature is only visible in high-resolution fMRI where opposing sides of a sulcus can be investigated independently because of a lack of partial volume effects. Based on the results presented here, we conclude that VASO offers good reproducibility, high sensitivity and lower sensitivity than GE-BOLD to changes in larger vessels, making it a valuable tool for layer-dependent fMRI studies in humans

    Randomized controlled trial of physiotherapy for postpartum stress incontinence : 7-year follow-up

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    Objective To estimate the long-term effect of intensive, 6-week physiotherapy programs, with and without deep abdominal muscle (TrA) training, on persistent postpartum stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Methods The study was a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Fifty-seven postnatal women with clinically demonstrated persistent SUI 3 months after delivery participated in 8 weeks of either pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) (28) or PFMT with deep abdominal muscle training (PFMT + TrA) (29). Seven years post-treatment, 35 (61.4%) participants agreed to the follow-up; they were asked to complete a 20-min pad test and three incontinence-specific questionnaires with an assessor blinded to each participant's group assignment. Results: Of the 35 (61.4%) who agreed to the follow-up: 26 (45.6%) took the 20-min pad test (12 PFMT and 14 PFMT + TrA) and 35 (61.4%) completed the questionnaires (18 PFMT and 17 PFMT + TrA). The baseline clinical characteristics of the follow-up and non-follow-up participants were not significantly different; nor did they differ between PFMT and PFMT + TrA participants enrolled in the follow-up study. At 7 years, the pad test scores for the PFMT group did not differ statistically from those of the PFMT + TrA group. When combining both treatment groups, a total of 14/26 (53%) follow-up participants were still continent according to the pad test. Conclusion The addition of deep abdominal training does not appear to further improve the outcome of PFM training in the long term. However, benefits of physiotherapy for postpartum SUI, although not as pronounced as immediately after the initial intervention, is still present 7 years post-treatment

    Centre d’études interdisciplinaires des faits religieux – CEIFR

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    Sossie AndĂ©zian, chargĂ©e de recherche au CNRS Fondation de lieux de culte : retour sur la notion de lieu saint Ce sĂ©minaire, qui faisait suite Ă  un atelier organisĂ© depuis deux ans autour des processus de fondation de lieux de culte, s’est dĂ©roulĂ© du 27 novembre au 25 juin, avec la participation de chercheurs et de membres associĂ©s du CEIFR ainsi que de collĂšgues d’autres centres de recherche de l’EHESS ou d’autres Ă©tablissements (UniversitĂ©s Paris-I/PanthĂ©on-Sorbonne et Paris IV/Sorbonne), a..
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