Bioacumulación de cianotoxinas en ecosistemas dulceacuícolas en América Latina: una revisión

Background: The increasing evidence of risk to the environment and human health by cyanotoxin exposure during cyanobacterial blooms has been reported worldwide. Despite the knowledge of cyanotoxin presence in Latin America, cyanotoxin bioaccumulation from freshwater environments have not been reviewed for the region. Goals: To review the current knowledge of cyanotoxin accumulation in tissues of freshwater organisms in field studies in Latin America. Methods: An extensive literature search was conducted to construct a database including information on accumulation of cyanotoxins in organisms inhabiting freshwater environments in Latin America (i.e., México to Argentina). Results: We found twenty-one studies from 2001 to 2020, including twenty-seven mostly eutrophic water bodies, the majority from Brazil. Microcystis was the most reported genus responsible for cyanotoxin production. Fish comprised most of the species accumulating cyanotoxins (20 species). Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was the most studied species, and 80% of the fish species included have commercial importance, which highlights a potential route of exposure to humans by consumption of contaminated food. Some studies showed the reduction of cyanotoxins in tissues after an experimental depuration time. Also, calculations of the potential human intakes of microcystins by fish consumption exceeded the recommendations of tolerable intakes in most of the cases. Conclusions: In Latin America, the geographic extent of studies is narrow, however the summarized information indicates a risk for environment and human health by cyanotoxins bioaccumulation. There is a need for more efforts to generate scientific research on cyanotoxins bioaccumulation, but also for improvement of local level management policies to reduce eutrophication.Antecedentes: La creciente evidencia de riesgo para el medio ambiente y la salud humana por la exposición a cianotoxinas durante las floraciones de cianobacterias se ha reportado en todo el mundo. A pesar del conocimiento de la presencia de cianotoxinas en América Latina, la bioacumulación de cianotoxinas en ambientes de agua dulce no ha sido revisada para la región. Objetivos: Revisar el conocimiento actual sobre la acumulación de cianotoxinas en tejidos de organismos de agua dulce en estudios de campo en América Latina. Métodos: Se realizó una extensa búsqueda bibliográfica para construir una base de datos que incluyera información sobre la acumulación de cianotoxinas en organismos que habitan ambientes de agua dulce en América Latina (de México a Argentina). Resultados: Encontramos veintiún estudios de 2001 a 2020, incluidos veintisiete cuerpos de agua en su mayoría eutróficos, la mayoría de Brasil. Microcystis fue el género productor de cianotoxinas más reportado. Los peces comprendieron la mayoría de las especies que acumulaban cianotoxinas (20 especies). Oreochromis niloticus fue la especie más estudiada, y el 80% de las especies de peces incluidas tienen importancia comercial, lo que destaca una vía potencial de exposición a los humanos. Algunos estudios demostraron la reducción de cianotoxinas en los tejidos después de un tiempo de depuración experimental. Además, los cálculos de las ingestas humanas potenciales de microcistinas por consumo de pescado excedieron las recomendaciones de ingestas tolerables en la mayoría de los casos. Conclusiones: En América Latina, los estudios se han realizado en pocos países, sin embargo, estos trabajos indican un riesgo para el medio ambiente y la salud humana por la bioacumulación de cianotoxinas. Se necesita más investigación científica sobre la bioacumulación de cianotoxinas, pero también esfuerzos para mejorar la gestión a nivel local con la finalidad de reducir la eutrofización

Parallel evolution of morphs of Astyanax species (Teleostei: Characidae) in México and Central America

Similar phenotypic traits can evolve independently in closely related lineages when these lineages are exposed to similar selective pressures (i.e. parallel evolution), while unique histories (i.e. historical contingencies) can also shape phenotypic variation. Here, we addressed the importance of parallel evolution and historical contingency on the morphological variation in sympatric morphs (deep-body and elongate-body) of the genus Astyanax from two different systems (Lake Catemaco and Río San Juan) based on analysis of trophic ecomorphology and geometric morphometrics of body shape. Parallel evolution due to adaptive divergence associated with morphs better explained the variation in trophic ecomorphology, while body shape variation was better explained by historical contingencies. Related to trophic ecomorphology evolution, the elongate-body morph from both systems showed a longer snout, longer ascending process of premaxilla, fewer cuspids on the anterior tooth of premaxilla and acute premaxillary angles associated with parallel evolution (with opposite patterns in the deep-body morph). A higher degree of similarity in body shape between sympatric morphs than between morphs from allopatric systems accounted for the morphological evolution related to historical contingencies. This study highlights how parallel evolution and historical contingency differentially influenced several aspects of phenotype (trophic morphology and body shape, respectively) in the morphological evolution of the genus Astyanax.CGA was funded by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Conacyt).Peer Reviewe

A new species of Roeboides (Teleostei: Characidae) from Costa Rica and Panama, with a key to the middle American species of the genus

A new species of Roeboides is described from the Pacific slope of Costa Rica and Panama. Roeboides bussingi differs from all other Central American Roeboides and all members of the R. guatemalensis species group by the following combination of characters: presence of 18-22 scales above the lateral line (vs. 12-16 in R. dientito); 15-22 scales below the lateral line (vs. 10-14 in R. dientito, and 20-24 in R. loftini); an inconspicuous, sometimes absent, crescent-shaped humeral spot (vs. a large round, conspicuous humeral spot in R. carti, R. dayi, R. dientonito, R. ilseae, R. loftini,and R. occidentalis); a small wedge-shaped spot that does not reach the lateral line (vs. a large spot crossing the lateral line in R. guatemalensis); a teardrop shaped caudal spot (vs. caudal spot triangle shaped in R. bouchellei); and a dark band at the distal tip of the anal fin (vs. dark band absent in R. bouchellei). A key to all Middle American species of Roeboides is also presente

A New Species of \u3ci\u3eRoeboides\u3c/i\u3e (Teleostei: Characidae) from Costa Rica and Panama, With a Key to the Middle American Species of the Genus

A new species of Roeboides is described from the Pacific slope of Costa Rica and Panama. Roeboides bussingi differs from all other Central American Roeboides and all members of the R. guatemalensis species group by the following combination of characters: presence of 18-22 scales above the lateral line (vs. 12-16 in R. dientito); 15-22 scales below the lateral line (vs. 10-14 in R. dientito, and 20-24 in R. loftini); an inconspicuous, sometimes absent, crescent-shaped humeral spot (vs. a large round, conspicious humeral spot in R. carti, R. dayi, R. dientito, R. ilsae, R. loftini, and R. occidentalis); a small wedge-shaped spot that does not reach the lateral line (vs. caudal spot triangle shaped in R. bouchellei); and a dark band at the distal tip of the anal fin (vs. dark band absent in R. bouchellei). A key to all Middle American species of Roeboides is also presented

Genetic and ecomorphological divergence between sympatric Astyanax morphs from Central America

Intraspecific ecological and morphological polymorphism can promote ecological speciation and the build-up of reproductive isolation. Here, we evaluate correlations among morphology, trophic ecology and genetic differentiation between two diver- gent morphs (elongate and deep-body) of the fish genus Astyanax in the San Juan River basin in Central America, to infer the putative evolutionary mechanism shaping this system. We collected the two morphs from three water bodies and analysed: (1) the correlation between body shape and the shape of the premaxilla, a relevant trophic morphological structure, (2) the trophic level and niche width of each morph, (3) the correspondence between trophic level and body and premaxillary shape, and (4) the genetic differentiation between morphs using mitochondrial and nuclear markers. We found a strong correlation between the body and premaxillary shape of the morphs. The elongate-body morph had a streamlined body, a premaxilla with acuter angles and a narrower ascending process, and a higher trophic level, characteristic of species with predatorial habits. By contrast, the deep-body morph had a higher body depth, a premaxilla with less acute angles and a broader trophic niche, suggesting generalist habits. Despite the strong correlation between morphological and ecological diver- gence, the morphs showed limited genetic differentiation, supporting the idea that morphs may be undergoing incipient ecological speciation, although alternative sce- narios such as stable polymorphism or plasticity should also be considered. This study provides support for the role of ecological factors promoting diversification in both lake and stream-dwelling freshwater fish.CGA was funded by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, México (CONACYT). We thank for the support from PAPIIT, UNAM, Project number IN212419, for sequencing and field trip

A new species of Roeboides (Teleostei: Characidae) from Costa Rica and Panama, with a key to the middle American species of the genus

A new species of Roeboides is described from the Pacific slope of Costa Rica and Panama. Roeboides bussingi differs from all other Central American Roeboides and all members of the R. guatemalensis species group by the following combination of characters: presence of 18-22 scales above the lateral line (vs. 12-16 in R. dientito); 15-22 scales below the lateral line (vs. 10-14 in R. dientito, and 20-24 in R. loftini); an inconspicuous, sometimes absent, crescent-shaped humeral spot (vs. a large round, conspicuous humeral spot in R. carti, R. dayi, R. dientonito, R. ilseae, R. loftini,and R. occidentalis); a small wedge-shaped spot that does not reach the lateral line (vs. a large spot crossing the lateral line in R. guatemalensis); a teardrop shaped caudal spot (vs. caudal spot triangle shaped in R. bouchellei); and a dark band at the distal tip of the anal fin (vs. dark band absent in R. bouchellei). A key to all Middle American species of Roeboides is also presente

Economic activities that depend on ichthyofauna in the North Pacific of Costa Rica

El Pacífico Norte (PN) costarricense alberga una gran diversidad de peces. Esta diversidad sustenta dos de las principales actividades económicas desarrolladas en el PN: pesca y turismo. El presente trabajo caracteriza las actividades dependientes de la ictiofauna del PN. Se sintetizó la información recopilada mediante: encuestas semi-estructuradas con actores involucrados en el uso de la ictiofauna; análisis de las bases de datos del Museo de Zoología - Universidad de Costa Rica e INCOPESCA; y una revisión bibliográfica. Se registraron 424 especies de peces en el PN. Las especies objetivo de cada pesquería son: el dorado, tiburón sedoso, tiburón martillo, atún, pez vela y pez espada en la pesca de palangre; los pargos, las corvinas, robalos y meros en la pesca de artesanal; invertebrados, peces ornamentales en la pesca por buceo; camarones en la pesca de arrastre; y wahoo, atún aleta amarilla, pez gallo, dorado y picudos en la pesca turística. El traslape en el uso de los recursos sumado al agotamiento de los recursos pesqueros está provocando conflictos entre los diferentes sectores que aprovechan la diversidad de peces en el PN. Como consecuencia, es urgente implementar estrategias de manejo que aseguren el aprovechamiento sostenible de los recursos marino-costeros del PN.The North Pacific of Costa Rica is characterized by a large diversity of fish species. This diversity sustains two of the main economic activities developed there: fishing and tourism. We synthesized information from: semi-structured interviews with local stakeholders, biodiversity database from the Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica, landings database from Costa Rican government (INCOPESCA) and the literature. A total of 424 fish species are reported from the area and the main target species for each fishery are: mahi-mahi, silky shark, hammerhead shark, tuna, sailfish, swordfish for longline fisheries; snappers, croakers, snook and groupers for artisanal fisheries; invertebrates and ornamental fish in dive-fisheries; shrimp in trawl fisheries; and wahoo, yellow-fin tuna, rooster fish, mahi-mahi, swordfish, sailfish, marlin in tourism fisheries. INCOPESCA does not take into account fishing effort but most species landings are decreasing, especially mahi-mahi, groupers and snappers. Conflicts between fisheries and tourism are arising due to competition for resources and over-exploitation. The main conflicts found were: (1) between sport and longline fisheries, (2) between recreational diving and dive-fisheries, (3) between the artisanal and shrimp trawling fisheries, and (4) among artisanal fishermen from different zones of the Pacific. These conflicts demonstrate the urgency of developing and effectively implementing management strategies that will guarantee the sustainability of fish resources in the area. Future studies should focus on generating information that will guide and support these management efforts. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 4): 119-138. Epub 2014 Diciembre 01

Mating and aggressive behaviour of Brachyrhaphis olomina (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae)

Despite the increasing interest in the use of intro-mittent male genitalia and coercive mating behaviour in poeciliids, detailed studies of the mating behaviour of most species in this family are lacking. We describe here the mating and aggressive behaviours of Brachyrhaphis olomina, and correlate them with the condition of the female’s ovum and embryos (immature, mature and pregnant). B. olomina performed a wide range of aggressive (sidle spread, tail beating, coordinate) and mating behaviours (approximation, touch, lateral display, touch-lateral display). Some behaviours (e.g. tail beating) are shared with other poeciliids, but two sexual behaviours (touch and lateral display) and one aggressive (coordinate) behaviour may be unique to B. olomina and were not reported in a previous study. Differences in male behaviour when paired with a female with mature ovum (more mating displays, no agonistic movements) suggest that males detect the female’s reproductive condition from some distance. The distinctive nature of mating behaviour in B. olomina highlights the importance of studying different spe-cies to have a better understanding of the evolution of mating and aggressive behaviours in poeciliids. Digital video images related to the article are available at http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo170720bo01a, http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo170720bo02a and http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo170720bo03a.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de Biologí