Aproximación a las representaciones sociales sobre la salud de la población inmigrante en el discurso periodístico en prensa escrita española (2000-2006)

La finalidad de este trabajo es conocer qué representaciones sociales sobre la salud de la población inmigrante muestra a los lectores, a la sociedad la prensa escrita, en concreto, los diarios elegidos: ABC, El Mundo, y El País. Este es un trabajo novedoso que puede aportar al ámbito de la salud información y nuevos planteamientos acerca de cómo se reproducen las relaciones de poder y las desigualdades, en concreto en torno a la salud, en relación a la población de origen extranjero, y cómo estas aportaciones pueden ser visibilizadas con la antropología. El trabajo se articula en cuatro partes. La primera es el marco teórico que corresponde a la explicación de los conceptos y teorías que han sido tomados en este estudio. Los principales conceptos son: la construcción política de la salud, la globalización, las migraciones internacionales, el fenómeno migratorio en Europa y España, y la salud de la población inmigrante. La segunda parte corresponde a la metodología, dónde se hace una descripción del análisis del discurso y las aportaciones de éste para el conocimiento del objeto de estudio. En la tercera parte se muestran los resultados junto con algunos datos procedentes de la bibliografía que ayudan a contextualizar los hallazgos de la investigación con el conocimiento previo. Y por último se encuentran las conclusiones principales del trabajo, que se cierran con interrogantes abiertos a nuevos estudios e investigaciones

Campos de soledad. Atención primaria y procesos asistenciales en pueblos de Segovia

Vivimos inmersos en un mundo global donde cada vez un mayor número de personas vive en grandes urbes. Esta realidad demográfica co-existe con la vida en los territorios con una baja densidad poblacional. Estos lugares se definen como rurales. Más del 20% de los europeos vive en comunidades de menos de 2.000 habitantes. A pesar de ello poco se conoce acerca de sus necesidades sanitarias. Segovia, una de las nueve provincias de la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla y León (España), la región con mayor extensión y menor densidad de población de Europa, cumple las condiciones de ser un paisaje rural. El objeto de estudio de esta investigación fue describir la atención médica profesional presente en el medio rural así como los procesos asistenciales de la población adulta que reside en pueblos de esta provincia. La metodología utilizada fue una etnografía multisituadaWe live in a global world where there is an increasing trend for more people to live in big cities. This demographic reality means life in large spread out territories coexists with a low population density. These places are defined as rural. The population in the European Union corresponds to approximately 6.5% of the world population. More than 20% of Europeans live in communities of less than 2.000 inhabitants. Despite this, there is very little knowledge about what health needs of this population are. Segovia -Autonomous Community of Castilla-León (Spain), the region with the greatest area and smallest population density-, meets the conditions which define a rural setting. The objective of this research study was to describe the professional medical attention present in the rural setting as well as the healthcare processes of the adult population residing in villages of this province. The methodology used was a muti-situated ethnography

Barriers and Facilitators for Exclusive Breastfeeding within the Health System and Public Policies from In-Depth Interviews to Primary Care Midwives in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)

The aim of this study is to describe the perspectives of Primary Care midwives regarding factors that benefit or are detrimental to exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) within the health system and public policies. The study was carried out in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) and is based on qualitative methodology. Twenty in-depth interviews were carried out with midwives who work in Primary Care centres in Tenerife, using a content analysis approach. The transcript data were then encoded following an inductive approach. The factors, according to midwives, that affect EBF, with regard to the healthcare system, are related to training of healthcare professionals in breastfeeding and their support to women during pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal care. Regarding public policies, midwives believe the maternity leave periods in Spain, together with a lack of laws and social policies to protect EBF are detrimental. The findings from our study show that there is a need to boost training and the role of professionals in EBF and, at the same time, promote protective policies that foster equality, favouring, among other issues, the work-life balance.This research was funded by the Spanish Health Research Fund (PIFIISC 19/15). Canary Islands Foundation Health Research Institute of the Canary Islands (FIISC). CIF: G76208396 Barranco de la Ballena, s/n Edificio Anexo al Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria “Negrín” 35019—Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Island, Spain.S

Así influyen el sistema sanitario y las políticas públicas en la lactancia materna exclusiva

Artículo de divulgación publicado en The Conversation España el día 12/05/2022.Las tasas de este tipo de lactancia en España son del 28 %, muy por debajo de lo recomendado por la OMS. Las escasas políticas económicas, laborales y sanitarias que protejan la crianza frenan el alcance de los objetivos marcados por la OMS.N

Coupling electrical resistivity methods and GIS to evaluate the effect of historic building features on wetting dynamics during wind-driven rain spells

Moisture is one of the most important factors causing building stone decay and rain penetration is one of the leading factors. Particularly, wind-driven rain spells, which are becoming increasingly common and seasonal as a result of climate change. Historic buildings' sometimes intricate design features can be a factor multiplying meteorological anisotropy, either shielding walls or increasing the surface that is affected by wind-driven rain spells. This paper aims to identify the effect of pilasters and tower buttresses on the wetting dynamics of a listed 9th Century historic building during a rain spell by means of electrical resistivity methods coupled with GIS mapping, paying special attention to how data representation and map algebra can improve the interpretation of several data sets of non-destructive testing. Results show how building features can modify deeply moisture dynamics and maximise local anisotropy. In the present case, a compound of an external tower buttress and an internal pilaster decreases moisture ingress through ground infiltration while increasing moisture retention into the wall due to its larger mass. This, in turn, multiplies the incidence of moisture-related processes inside the building. The presented data also highlight the usefulness of mapping over time (4D mapping) and of GIS to improve interpretations through map algebraThis research was supported by Top Heritage (P2018/NMT-4372) programme from the Regional Government of Madrid (Spain) and Grants “PIC2020–116896RB-C21”, “PIC2020–116896RB-C22” funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/50110001103

Responses to salinity stress in bivalves: Evidence of ontogenetic changes in energetic physiology on Cerastoderma edule

Estuarine bivalves are especially susceptible to salinity fluctuations. Stage-specific sensibilities may influence the structure and spatial distribution of the populations. Here we investigate differences on the energetic strategy of thread drifters (3–4 mm) and sedentary settlers (9–10 mm) of Cerastoderma edule over a wide range of salinities. Several physiological indicators (clearance, respiration and excretion rates, O:N) were measured during acute (2 days) and acclimated responses (7 days of exposure) for both size classes. Our results revealed a common lethal limit for both developmental stages (Salinity 15) but a larger physiological plasticity of thread drifters than sedentary settlers. Acclimation processes in drifters were initiated after 2 days of exposure and they achieved complete acclimation by day 7. Sedentary settlers delay acclimation and at day 7 feeding activity had not resumed and energetic losses through respiration and excretion were higher at the lowest salinity treatment. Different responses facing salinity stress might be related to differences in habitat of each stage. For sedentary settlers which occupy relatively stable niches, energy optimisation include delaying the initiation of the energetically expensive acclimation processes while drifters which occupy less stable environments require a more flexible process which allow them to optimize energy acquisition as fast as possible.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. CTM2014–51935-RXunta de Galicia | Ref. POS-B/2016/032Xunta de Galicia | Ref. GRC2013–00

Predation risk increases in estuarine bivalves stressed by low salinity

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUGSalinity drops in estuaries after heavy rains are expected to increase in frequency and intensity over the next decades, with physiological and ecological consequences for the inhabitant organisms. It was investigated whether low salinity stress increases predation risk on three relevant commercial bivalves in Europe. In laboratory, juveniles of Venerupis corrugata, Cerastoderma edule, and the introduced Ruditapes philippinarum were subjected to low salinities (5, 10 and control 35) during two consecutive days and, afterwards, exposed to one of two common predators in the shellfish beds: the shore crab Carcinus maenas and the gastropod Bolinus brandaris, a non-indigenous species present in some Galician shellfish beds. Two types of choice experiment were done: one offering each predator one prey species previously exposed to one of the three salinities, and the other offering each predator the three prey species at the same time, previously exposed to one of the three salinities. Consumption of both predators and predatory behaviour of C. maenas (handling time, rejections, consumption rate) were measured. Predation rates and foraging behaviour differed, with B. brandaris being more generalist than C. maenas. Still, both predators consumed significantly more stressed (salinity 5 and 10) than non-stressed prey. The overall consumption of the native species C. edule and V. corrugata was greater than that of R. philippinarum, likely due to their vulnerability to low salinity and physical traits (e.g., thinner shell, valve gape). Increasing precipitations can alter salinity gradients in shellfish beds, and thus affect the population dynamics of harvested bivalves via predator–prey interactions.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. CTM2014-51935-RMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. BES-2015-074211Xunta de Galicia | Ref. GRC2013-00

Optimization of molecular detection of GD2 synthase mRNA in retinoblastoma

Extraocular dissemination is the main cause of death in patients with retinoblastoma in developing countries and there are few molecular markers that could be used for evaluation of minimal disseminated disease. The expression of the ganglioside GD2 is present in retinoblastoma cells metastatic to the bone marrow and the enzyme GD2 synthase activity is detected in neuroblastoma, which shares many phenotypic features with retinoblastoma. Our purpose was to optimize the detection of GD2 synthase expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by nested-PCR in human retinoblastoma cell lines and patient samples. The optimization strategy was carried out by using the retinoblastoma cell lines Y79 and WERI-Rb1 and specific primers designed for the human sequence of the GD2 synthase mRNA. We detected GD2 synthase expression with at least 200 pg and 40 pg of total RNA extracted from cultured retinoblastoma cells, using a first round of RT-PCR amplification and a second round of nested-PCR, respectively. We have also confirmed the detection of GD2 synthase by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical expression of the ganglioside in human retinoblastoma tumors xenotransplanted in nude mice. In a study from tumor bank specimens from 8 retinoblastoma patients, we were able to demonstrate the presence of GD2 synthase mRNA in blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples in cases of extraocular dissemination of the tumor. The sequence was not detected in samples from children with low-risk disease or healthy adult volunteers. The detection of GD2 synthase mRNA through an optimized nested RT-PCR assay may be a promising tool for the assessment of minimal disseminated disease in enucleated patients.Fil: Laurent, Viviana Eunice. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan". Servicio de Hemato-Oncología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Otero, Laura L.. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Vazquez, Valeria. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Camarero, Sandra. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan"; ArgentinaFil: Gabri, Mariano Rolando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Labrada, Maria. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan"; ArgentinaFil: Garcia de Davila, Maria Teresa. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan"; ArgentinaFil: Chantada, Guillermo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan". Servicio de Hemato-Oncología; ArgentinaFil: Alonso, Daniel Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular; Argentin

Travel time and participation in breast cancer screening in a region with high population dispersion.

[ES ]Análisis de ámbito municipal de la asociación entre el tiempo de viaje y la participación en el programa de cribado del cáncer de mama ajustando por variables contextuales en la provincia de Segovia. Estudio ecológico utilizando como fuentes de datos el Programa de Detección Precoz de Cáncer de Mama de la Gerencia de Atención Primaria de Segovia, el Censo de Población y Vivienda de 2001, y el Padrón municipal de habitantes de 2006-2007. El periodo de estudio fue de enero de 2006 a diciembre de 2007. Como variables dependientes se consideraron la tasa de participación municipal y el nivel deseado de participación municipal (≥70%). La variable independiente principal fue el tiempo de viaje del municipio a la Unidad Mamográfica, y las covariables agregadas por municipio fueron las características sociodemográficas y socioeconómicas. Se realizó un análisis univariado y multivariado por regresión de Poisson de la tasa de participación municipal, y por regresión logística del nivel deseado de participación. La muestra estuvo formada por 178 municipios. La tasa de participación media fue del 75,2%. Ciento diecinueve (67%) municipios tuvieron la participación deseada (≥70%). En el análisis multivariado por regresión de Poisson y logística, el mayor tiempo de viaje se asoció tanto a una menor tasa de participación como a un menor nivel de participación, una vez ajustado por la densidad geográfica, la edad, el nivel socioeconómico y la razón de dependencia, con un índice de riesgo relativo de 0,88 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 0,81-0,96) y una odds ratio de 0,22 (IC95%: 0,1-0,47), respectivamente. [EN]To analyze the association between travel time and participation in a breast cancer screening program adjusted for contextual variables in the province of Segovia (Spain). We performed an ecological study using the following data sources: the Breast Cancer Early Detection Program of the Primary Care Management of Segovia, the Population and Housing Census for 2001 and the municipal register for 2006-2007. The study period comprised January 2006 to December 2007. Dependent variables consisted of the municipal participation rate and the desired level of municipal participation (greater than or equal to 70%). The key independent variable was travel time from the municipality to the mammography unit. Covariables consisted of the municipalities' demographic and socioeconomic factors. We performed univariate and multivariate Poisson regression analyses of the participation rate, and logistic regression of the desired participation level. The sample was composed of 178 municipalities. The mean participation rate was 75.2%. The desired level of participation (≥ 70%) was achieved in 119 municipalities (67%). In the multivariate Poisson and logistic regression analyses, longer travel time was associated with a lower participation rate and with lower participation after adjustment was made for geographic density, age, socioeconomic status and dependency ratio, with a relative risk index of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81-0.96) and an odds ratio of 0.22 (95% CI: 0.1-0.47), respectively. Travel time to the mammography unit may help to explain participation in breast cancer screening programs.Este trabajo fue financiado por el Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (FIS), ref. PI 080306.S

Nanocharacterization of Soft Biological Samples in Shear Mode with Quartz Tuning Fork Probes

Quartz tuning forks are extremely good resonators and their use is growing in scanning probe microscopy. Nevertheless, only a few studies on soft biological samples have been reported using these probes. In this work, we present the methodology to develop and use these nanosensors to properly work with biological samples. The working principles, fabrication and experimental setup are presented. The results in the nanocharacterization of different samples in different ambients are presented by using different working modes: amplitude modulation with and without the use of a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) and frequency modulation. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria are imaged in nitrogen using amplitude modulation. Microcontact printed antibodies are imaged in buffer using amplitude modulation with a PLL. Finally, metastatic cells are imaged in air using frequency modulation