The development of a public bathroom perception scale

Public bathrooms are sensible locations in which individuals confront an intimate environment outside the comfort of their own home. The assessment of public bathrooms is especially problematic for people whose illnesses make them more prone to needing this service. Unfortunately, there is a lack in the evaluation of the elements that are relevant to the user’s perspective. For that reason, we propose a new scale to assess these elements of evaluation of public bathrooms. We developed a scale of 14 items and three domains: privacy, ease of use and cleanliness. We tested the factor validity of this three-factor solution (n = 654) on a sample of healthy individuals and 155 respondents with a bowel illness or other affection that reported to be bathroom-dependent. We found that bathroom-dependent people value more privacy and cleanliness more than their healthy counterparts. We additionally found a gender effect on the scale: female participants scored higher in every domain. This study provides the first scale to assess value concerning public bathrooms and to highlight the relevance of different bathrooms’ aspects to users

Efecto de la temperatura en la biología y comportamiento de Diglyphus begini (Ashmead, 1904) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), un ectoparasitoide de Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard, 1926) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

The effect of temperature on the biology of Diglyphus begini (Ashmead, 1904) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) an ectoparasitoid of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard, 1926) (Diptera: Agromyzadae) and its potential as a biological control agent, were studied under laboratory conditions (12L: 12D) at six constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C) and environmental temperature. Temperature had a deep influence on the development of immature and longevity, reproduction and sex ratio of D. begini adult, which developed within the range of 10 ° to 30 °C. Nonlinear equations described the development, survival and oviposition dependent of temperature for D. begini, and allowed the development of a global phenology model to constant temperatures and simulation of D. begini population parameters reached the maximum rate of reproduction and total fertility, as well as, the maximum finite rate of increase (1.12 females/female/day) and the shorter double time (6.1 days) at temperatures between 24 and 26 °C. The simulation of phenology model to fluctuating temperatures indicates that the population of D. begini potentially could be increased with a finite rate of 1.02 females/female/day at an average generation time of 22.2 days and a doubling time of the population of 30.7 days. The population model based on global temperature of D. begini allows the prediction of potential growth population and its seasonal dynamics in different agro-ecological zones. The paralyzation activities exerted by females of D. begini on leafminer larvae contributed an additional 42% mortality, showing their true potential in the natural control of L. huidobrensis, which makes it a good candidate for biological control of miners within a strategy of integrated pest management

A new method to prevent degradation of lithium–oxygen batteries: reduction of superoxide by viologen

Lithium–oxygen battery development is hampered by degradation reactions initiated by superoxide, which is formed in the pathway of oxygen reduction to peroxide. This work demonstrates that the superoxide lifetime is drastically decreased upon addition of ethyl viologen, which catalyses the reduction of superoxide to peroxide

Cuantificación de la susceptibilidad a magulladura en frutos de hueso en términos probabilísticos.

El objetivo de este estudio es definir una magnitud que caracterice la susceptibilidad a daños mecánicos en frutos de hueso (melocotón cv. Caterina y Sudanell y albaricoque cv Búlida y Pepito). La aparición de magulladura en frutos de hueso está más relacionada con la deformación máxima alcanzada durante una carga de compresión (indicativo de su respuesta mecánica) que con el nivel de carga (fuerza) en sí mismo. La aparición de magulladura va acompañada de elevadas superficies de daño lo que hace que los frutos al magullarse queden directamente fuera del rango de aceptación comunitario (0.5cm2). Este hecho indica la necesidad de caracterizar la susceptibilidad a magulladura como probabilidad de daño. Este estudio indica la posibilidad de establecer la probabilidad de daño mediante la combinación de la respuesta mecánica del fruto (deformación máxima) y el nivel de carga (fuerza). Asimismo la respuesta mecánica se puede establecer instrumentalmente mediante la "dureza al tacto" y la tipología de comportamiento reológico

Farmacología de los azoles

Azole antifungals have different pharmacokinetic characteristics: complete oral absorption for Voriconazole, and to a lesser extent for fluconazole. The absorption of posaconazole and itraconazole increases with food intake. All of them have high tissue distribution with low plasma concentrations, especially low in the case of posaconazole and itraconazole. Posaconazole and itraconazole have high plasmatic protein binding and consequently both have a very low free fraction. Elimination of azole antifungals is through a metabolic pathway with CYP450 isoenzymes, and has a non linear pharmacokinetics with a high risk of interation with other drugs since azoles have the ability of CYP450 isoenzymes inhibition. Possibly the parameter that defines more precisely their efficacy is AUIC with an optimum value near 20, although cut-off values must be defined since some azoles may have difficulty to reach this value

An assessment on the efficiency of clothing with UV protection among the Spanish Navy school students

[Abstract] Concern about the harmful effects that ultraviolet (UV) rays have on the skin of people who are routinely exposed to solar radiation has driven the industry of skin protection creams, sunglasses and clothing. Spanish Navy personnel are subject to different levels of exposure depending on their rank and function. The objective of this research is to analyze the behavioral variables associated to the effects on the skin caused by UV rays, denoted by the combined effects of perceived susceptibility and perceived severity, on their decision to purchase and wear uniforms with UV protection. A confirmatory analysis using a structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed on a sample of 100 respondents. The model results revealed a strong mediating characteristic of the intention to use, variable associated with the exogenous variables. Attitude towards the use of clothing and social influence, as well as the exogenous variable clothing action planning, on the sun protective clothing use during tactical maneuvers. These relationships were significant with p-values close to zero. However, exogenous variables related to perceived susceptibility and perceived severity in exposure to sunlight did not represent a significant influence when mediated by self-efficacy in use. The results revealed the consequence of awareness about the importance of protecting oneself and the influence that usage habits can have on the military with respect to the decision to purchase uniforms with UV protection.The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science & Innovation under the I+D+i state program “Challenges Research Projects” (RTI2018-098900-B-I00) and the Regional Government of Castilla y León (INVESTUN/19/BU/004 and INVESTUN/22/BU/0001).Junta de Castilla y León; INVESTUN/19/BU/004Junta de Castilla y León; INVESTUN/22/BU/000

An empirical examination of the relation between attention and motivation in computer-based education: a modeling approach

Attention is considered a pre-requisite to achieve greater motivation in the classroom. However, empirical evidence of this relationship in educational setting is scarce since the measurement of attention requires specialized equipment such as clinical electroencephalograms (EEG) or fMR1. With the advent of portable, consumer-oriented EEG it is now possible to estimate levels of attention and shed light onto this relationship in the context of a computer-based educational setting. To that end, students (N=40) interacted for an average of 9.48 minutes (SD = .0018) with an assessment exercise in a virtual world. Participants' attention levels were monitored via a portable EEG and incorporated into an attention model capable of deciding on strategies to correct low levels of attention. The participants' motivation was assessed using a self-reported motivation questionnaire at pre-test and post-test times. The results indicated that students with higher self-reported motivation and self-reported attention answered significantly more correct answers. However, no direct evidence was found of a relation between EEG readings and self-reported attention or self-reported motivation. This suggests student's own perceptions of motivation and attention influence performance. Future work consists of defining new models of attention considering self-perceived attention and motivation as baseline as well as improving the model of attention combining EEG reading with an indication of the students' gaze

Anisotropic Bose-Einstein condensates and completely integrable dynamical systems

A Gaussian ansatz for the wave function of two-dimensional harmonically trapped anisotropic Bose-Einstein condensates is shown to lead, via a variational procedure, to a coupled system of two second-order, nonlinear ordinary differential equations. This dynamical system is shown to be in the general class of Ermakov systems. Complete integrability of the resulting Ermakov system is proven. Using the exact solution, collapse of the condensate is analyzed in detail. Time-dependence of the trapping potential is allowed

The inflammatory potential of diet is related to incident frailty and slow walking in older adults

Background: Certain foods and dietary patterns have been associated with both inflammation and frailty. As chronic inflammation may play a role in frailty and disability, we examined the association of the inflammatory potential of diet with these outcomes. Methods: Data were taken from 1948 community-dwelling individuals =60 years old from the Seniors-ENRICA cohort, who were recruited in 2008–2010 and followed-up through 2012. Baseline diet data, obtained with a validated diet history, was used to calculate Shivappa's Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), an “a priori” pattern score which is based on known associations of foods and nutrients with inflammation, and Tabung's Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Index (EDII), an “a posteriori” pattern score which was statistically derived from an epidemiological study. At follow-up, incident frailty was assessed with Fried's criteria, and incident limitation in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) with the Lawton-Brody index. Statistical analyses were performed with logistic regression, and adjusted for the main confounders. Results: Compared with individuals in the lowest tertile of DII, those in the highest tertile showed higher risk of frailty (odds ratio [OR] 2.48; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42, 4.44, p-trend = 0.001) and IADL disability (OR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.03, 3.86, p-trend = 0.035). By contrast, EDII did not show an association with these outcomes. The DII score was associated with slow gait speed, both as a low score in the Short Physical Performance Battery test (OR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.27, 2.62, p-trend = 0.001) and as a positive Fried's criterion (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.51, p-trend = 0.021), which use different thresholds. Conclusions: DII predicted frailty and IADL while EDII did not. DII is able to measure diet healthiness in terms of physical decline in addition to avoidance of inflammation