Comportamiento innovador de la Cooperativa KAULAPA R.L del Municipio de Esquipulas, Departamento de Matagalpa, 2016

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el comportamiento innovador de la Cooperativa Kaulapa R.L. del municipio de Esquipulas, Departamento de Matagalpa, Año 2016 KAULAPA R.L, cuenta con 3 años de operación en el mercado nicaragüense, es un complejo artesanal dedicado al procesamiento seco del grano de café y procesamiento de la miel; procedente de productores del mismo municipio. El propósito fundamental que se persigue, es analizar el comportamiento innovador de la cooperativa; así mismo la identificación de los procesos del comportamiento innovador proactivo y reactivo desarrollados por la Cooperativa y la descripción de los factores que influyen en el desempeño de los trabajadores de KAULAPA R.L Cabe señalar la importancia del proceso de innovación que se lleva a cabo en la Cooperativa para lograr un mejor desarrollo en los procesos dentro de la misma; así como mejorar la calidad de sus productos y servicios para la satisfacción de sus clientes y lograr de esta manera cumplir con los objetivos propuestos a corto y largo plazo, el cual dependerá del comportamiento innovador que posea dicha Cooperativa. Por tal razón KAULAPA R.L busca nuevas formas de crear cambios e innovaciones para mejorar y evolucionar en el mercado, ya que posee un comportamiento innovador proactivo, ya que está lanzando nuevos productos al mercado, así como capacitaciones al personal siendo esto como parte de la innovación proyectándose como una cooperativa industrializada; pero se necesitan muchos cambios para realizar sus proyectos y así eliminar las referencias del comportamiento reactivo que se poseen, tomando en cuenta la opinión de los clientes, logrando en un futuro ser una Cooperativa reconocida a nivel naciona

Calidad de semillas de avena blanca (Avena Sativa) y avena negra (Avena strigosa) tratadas con aceite vegetal

The objective was to verify the physiological and phytosanitary effect of vegetable oil on seeds of white oats (Avena sativa) and black oats (Avena strigosa). Doses of 0.05; 0.2; 0.4 and 0.8 mL L-1 of emulsifiable vegetable oil (Natur-oil®) (VO) and water in the control treatment. The white oat seeds were distributed on germitest paper roll and then on them, the treatments were sprayed. The black oat seeds were immersed for 30 minutes on the OV doses and later the same methodology was adopted. For both seeds, total germination, germination velocity index (GVI) and mean germination velocity (MGV) were determined. On the last day of germination evaluation, the seeds showing symptoms or presence of fungi were transferred to Petri dishes containing culture medium (PDA). The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and four replicates, containing 50 seeds each. It was observed that the treatments presented no significant statistical differences for the physiological parameters of the seeds. However, the dose of 0.8 mL L-1 of VO showed a fungitoxic effect on the pathogen Rizophus sp., present in black oat seeds.O objetivo foi verificar o efeito fisiológico e fitossanitário de óleo vegetal sobre sementes de aveia branca (Avena sativa) e aveia preta (Avena strigosa). Foram utilizadas como tratamentos as doses de 0,05; 0,2; 0,4 e 0,8 mL L-1 de óleo vegetal emulsionável (Natur´l óleo®) (OV) e água no tratamento testemunha. As sementes de aveia branca foram distribuídas em rolo de papel “germitest” e em seguida sobre elas, os tratamentos foram pulverizados. As sementes de aveia preta ficaram imersas por 30 minutos sobre as doses de OV e posteriormente adotou-se a mesma metodologia utilizada na aveia branca. Em ambas a semente determinou-se a porcentagem de germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e a velocidade média de germinação (VMG). No ultimo dia de avaliação de germinação, as sementes que apresentavam sintomas ou presença de fungos foram transferidas para placas de Petri contendo meio de cultura (BDA). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, contendo 50 sementes em cada repetição. Observou-se que os tratamentos não apresentaram diferenças significativas para os parâmetros fisiológicos das sementes. Porém, a dose de 0,8 mL L-1 de OV apresentou efeito fungitóxico sobre o patógeno Rizophus sp., presente nas sementes de aveia preta.  El objetivo fue verificar el efecto fisiológico y fitosanitario de aceite vegetal sobre semillas de avena blanca (Avena Sativa) y avena negra (Avena Strigosa). Fueron utilizadas como tratamientos las dosis de 0,05; 0,2; 0,4; y 0,8; ml L-1 de aceite vegetal emulsionante (Natural oleo®) (OV) y agua en el tratamiento testigo. Las semillas de avena blanca fueron distribuidas enroladas de papel “germitest” y en seguida sobre ellas, los tratamientos fueron pulverizados. Las semillas de avena negra quedaron inmergidos por 30 minutos sobre las dosis de OV y posteriormente se adoptó la misma metodología utilizada en la avena blanca. En ambas la semilla se determinó el porcentaje de germinación, el índice de velocidad de germinación (IVG) y la velocidad media de germinación (VMG). En el último día de evaluación de germinación, las semillas que presentaban síntomas o la presencia de hongos fueron transferidas para placas de Petri conteniendo medio de cultivo (BDA). El diseño experimental fue enteramente al azar, con cinco tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones, conteniendo 50 semillas en cada repetición. Se observó que los tratamientos no presentaron diferencias significativas para los parámetros fisiológicos de semillas. Por lo tanto, la dosis de 0,8 ml L-1 de OV presento efecto fungitoxico sobre el patógeno Rizophus sp., presente en las semillas de avena negra

A Day-4 Lille Model Predicts Response to Corticosteroids and Mortality in Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis

OBJECTIVES: Prednisolone therapy increases the risk of infections in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH). We evaluated whether the use of the Lille Model at day 4 (LM4) is useful to predict response to prednisolone compared with the classic day 7 (LM7) in order to limit a futile exposure to corticosteroids. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of a large multinational cohort of patients with SAH with Maddrey's discriminant function (DF) ≥32. Response to corticosteroids was assessed with LM4 and LM7, according to the validated cutoff value (CUV>0.45). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were constructed to determine the optimal CUV for LM4 and to compare accuracy between LM4, LM7, MELD (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease), and ABIC (age, bilirubin, international normalized ratio, and creatinine). Logistic regression models were constructed to predict 28- and 90-day mortality. Cox regression analysis was performed to assess long-term survival. RESULTS: A total of 163 (62.7%) out of 260 patients received corticosteroids. The median DF for the patients treated with corticosteroids was 64.1 (47.9-81.3). Overall 90-day mortality was 35.9%. The median LM4 and LM7 for the patients who received treatment was 0.39 (0.19-0.83) and 0.36 (0.13-0.77). LM4 was a strong independent predictor of 28-day mortality (OR 25.4, (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.1-126.8), P0.45, 28- and 90-day survival was significantly higher for responders (90% and 76%) than non-responders (66% and 40%), P<0.001. Importantly, the area under the ROC curve for predicting mortality for LM4 was similar than the classic LM7 (0.77 vs. 0.75, respectively: P=0.558). CONCLUSIONS: LM4 is as accurate as LM7 in predicting response to corticosteroids, as well as 28- and 90-day mortality. Assessing the efficacy of prednisolone at an earlier time point can avoid a more prolonged futile use of this therapy

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Post-intervention Status in Patients With Refractory Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab During REGAIN and Its Open-Label Extension

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether eculizumab helps patients with anti-acetylcholine receptor-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) achieve the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) post-intervention status of minimal manifestations (MM), we assessed patients' status throughout REGAIN (Safety and Efficacy of Eculizumab in AChR+ Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis) and its open-label extension. METHODS: Patients who completed the REGAIN randomized controlled trial and continued into the open-label extension were included in this tertiary endpoint analysis. Patients were assessed for the MGFA post-intervention status of improved, unchanged, worse, MM, and pharmacologic remission at defined time points during REGAIN and through week 130 of the open-label study. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients completed REGAIN and continued into the open-label study (eculizumab/eculizumab: 56; placebo/eculizumab: 61). At week 26 of REGAIN, more eculizumab-treated patients than placebo-treated patients achieved a status of improved (60.7% vs 41.7%) or MM (25.0% vs 13.3%; common OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.5). After 130 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 88.0% of patients achieved improved status and 57.3% of patients achieved MM status. The safety profile of eculizumab was consistent with its known profile and no new safety signals were detected. CONCLUSION: Eculizumab led to rapid and sustained achievement of MM in patients with AChR+ refractory gMG. These findings support the use of eculizumab in this previously difficult-to-treat patient population. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: REGAIN, NCT01997229; REGAIN open-label extension, NCT02301624. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class II evidence that, after 26 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 25.0% of adults with AChR+ refractory gMG achieved MM, compared with 13.3% who received placebo

Minimal Symptom Expression' in Patients With Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody-Positive Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab

The efficacy and tolerability of eculizumab were assessed in REGAIN, a 26-week, phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG), and its open-label extension

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery