Blood levels ampicillin in broilers

Ampicillin has shown be usseful in the treatment of sicknees infections of respiratory tract of broilers. Dosage administration is based in terapeutical clinical efficacy, but there is know very little about the serum concentrations, and in another corporeal tissues. The aim of this work was blood concentrations specifity of the ampicillin in 90 broilers during 49 days when by oral means was given to the dosage of 10, 25 and 40 mg/kg of living weight. This chickens were weight homogenizazed and random entirely chosen with factorial arrangements of 4 x 5 with 5 repetitions and 1 chicken by each repetitions; 15 of this chickens were used as a control, and therefore none of this received antibiotical treatment. Blood samples were obtained after 1/2, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours medicamental postadministration. Significatives differences were observed by dosage effect of ampicillin studied about the himself concentration in the blood (P 'K 0.01). The time has a significative meaning about the concentration of ampicillin activity in blood (P<0.05). Time ampicillin interactions was no significative difference. The in blood serum averages were of 0.471, 0.841 and 1.459 mcg/ml for dosages of 10, 25 and 40 mg/kg of living weight. Dosage of 40 mg/kg was found in concentrations of serum under 5 mcgfml at different times, which suggested to give a higher dosage than the normally used, to get in concordance with the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and to obtain higher concentrations in vitro, determined for the main germs agains which ampicillin is active.La ampicilina ha resultado valiosa en el tratamiento de enfermedades infecciosas de las aves, especialmente en los procesos respiratorios. Sin embargo, los regímenes de tratamiento anatinfeccioso en esta especie han sido señalados con base en la eficacia terapéutica, conociéndose poco sobre la concentración alcanzable en sangre y demás tejidos corporales de los antimicrobianos comúnmente utilizados. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar los niveles sanguíneos de ampicilina en pollos de 49 días de edad, administrada por vía oral en dosis de 10, 25 y 40 mg/kg de peso vivo. De un total de 90 pollos, 75 fueron asignados completamente al azar con arreglo factorial de 4 x 5, con cinco repeticiones y un pollo por cada repetición, sirviendo 15 como control experimental, los cuales no recibieron tratamiento. Los tiempos de muestreo fueron a la 1/2, 1, 2, 4 y 8 horas postadministración del antibiótico. Se observaron diferencias significativas por efecto de las dosis de ampicilina estudiadas sobre la concentración de la misma en sangre (P<0.01). El tiempo tuvo un efecto significativo sobre la concentración de ampicilina activa en la sangre (P<0.05). La interacción de ampicilina por tiempo no fue significativa. Los promedios en mcg de ampicilina/ml de suero fueron 0.471, 0.841 y 1.459 para las dosis de 10, 25 y 40 mg de antibiótico/kg de peso vivo de las aves respectivamente, independiente del tiempo. Con la dosis máxima evaluada de 40 mg/kg de peso vivo se detectaron niveles del antibiótico en el suero de los pollos en concentraciones por debajo de 5 mcg/ml a los diferentes tiempos, lo que sugiere el empleo de una dosificación mayor a la actualmente empleada, tendiente a alcanzar un nivel más alto en sangre que esté en concordancia con las concentraciones mínimas inhibitorias (MIC) determinadas in vitro para los principales gérmenes contra los cuales la ampicilina es activaAvicultur

Quemador poroso

Quemador poroso adaptado para ser alimentado con diferentes tipos de gases, que comprende un soporte que incluye un conducto a través del cual entra una mezcla de aire/gas en el quemador poroso, y una estructura cerámica, soportada por el soporte, que comprende una esponja inicialmente polimérica que se impregna con una barbotina, comprendiendo dicha barbotina al menos un material cerámico. La estructura cerámica tiene una porosidad final de entre aproximadamente 50 ppi hasta aproximadamente 70 ppi, y una densidad final de entre aproximadamente 0.45 hasta aproximadamente 0.65 g/cm3.Peer reviewedConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), P.I. Prosider Ibérica S.A, Ikerlan S COOPB1 Patente sin examen previ

Molecular Segmentation of the Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus in the Adult Mouse Brain

© 2021. The authors. This document is made available under the CC-BY 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by /4.0/ This document is the Published version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2021.785840The trigeminal column is a hindbrain structure formed by second order sensory neurons that receive afferences from trigeminal primary (ganglionic) nerve fibers. Classical studies subdivide it into the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus located next to the pontine nerve root, and the spinal trigeminal nucleus which in turn consists of oral, interpolar and caudal subnuclei. On the other hand, according to the prosomeric model, this column would be subdivided into segmental units derived from respective rhombomeres. Experimental studies have mapped the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus to pontine rhombomeres (r) r2-r3 in the mouse. The spinal trigeminal nucleus emerges as a plurisegmental formation covering several rhombomeres (r4 to r11 in mice) across pontine, retropontine and medullary hindbrain regions. In the present work we reexamined the issue of rhombomeric vs. classical subdivisions of this column. To this end, we analyzed its subdivisions in an AZIN2-lacZ transgenic mouse, known as a reference model for hindbrain topography, together with transgenic reporter lines for trigeminal fibers. We screened as well for genes differentially expressed along the axial dimension of this structure in the adult and juvenile mouse brain. This analysis yielded genes from multiple functional families that display transverse domains fitting the mentioned rhombomeric map. The spinal trigeminal nucleus thus represents a plurisegmental structure with a series of distinct neuromeric units having unique combinatorial molecular profiles

Solitons and instantons in vacuum stability

We investigate the instanton solutions and soliton-like bubbles in vacuum dynamics. We show that the results of recent CERN experiments lead to the fact that our vacuum is safe. We present a new mechanism, where the space-time dimension plays an important role, that explains why our Universe is stable. We provide new evidence that supports a process for the origin of Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry recently introduced by other scientists. We examine confinement in the context of escape problems. We discuss multiverse, string theory landscape, and extra-dimensions using our framework. We use our solutions to introduce some hypotheses about Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Identification and conservation of remnant genetic resources of brown trout in relict populations from Western Mediterranean streams

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Hydrobiologia. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1402-8Brown trout is a cold-adapted freshwater species with restricted distribution to headwater streams in rivers of the South European peninsulas, where populations are highly vulnerable because Mediterranean regions are highly sensitive to the global climatic warming. Moreover, these populations are endangered due to the introgressive hybridization with cultured stocks. Individuals from six remnant populations in Western Mediterranean rivers were sequenced for the complete mitochondrial DNA control region and genotyped for 11 nuclear markers. Three different brown trout lineages were present in the studied region. Significant genetic divergence was observed among locations and a strong effect of genetic drift was suggested. An important stocking impact (close to 25%) was detected in the zone. Significant correlations between mitochondrial-based rates of hatchery introgression and water flow variation suggested a higher impact of stocked females in unstable habitats. In spite of hatchery introgression, all populations remained highly differentiated, suggesting that native genetic resources are still abundant. However, climatic predictions indicated that suitable habitats for the species in these rivers will be reduced and hence trout populations are highly endangered and vulnerable. Thus, management policies should take into account these predictions to design upstream refuge areas to protect remnant native trout in the regionThis study has been supported by the Generalitat Valenciana Autonomous Government (Spain) project (2008/CI446)S

A Critical Gap in Seagrass Protection: Impact of Anthropogenic Off-Shore Nutrient Discharges on Deep Posidonia oceanica Meadows

In the Mediterranean, anthropogenic pressures (specifically those involving nutrient loads) have been progressively moved to deeper off-shore areas to meet current policies dealing with the protection of marine biodiversity (e.g., European Directives). However, conservation efforts devoted to protecting Posidonia oceanica and other vulnerable marine habitats against anthropogenic pressures have dedicated very little attention to the deepest areas of these habitats. We studied the remote influence of off-shore nutrient discharge on the physiology and structure of deep P. oceanica meadows located nearest to an urban sewage outfall (WW; 1 km) and an aquaculture facility (FF; 2.5 km). Light reduction and elevated external nutrient availability (as indicated by high δ15N, total N and P content and N uptake rates of seagrass tissues) were consistent with physiological responses to light and nutrient stress. This was particularly evident in the sites located up to 2.5 km from the WW source, where carbon budget imbalances and structural alterations were more evident. These results provide evidence that anthropogenic nutrient inputs can surpass critical thresholds for the species, even in off-shore waters at distances within the km scale. Therefore, the critical distances between this priority habitat and nutrient discharge points have been underestimated and should be corrected to achieve a good conservation status.J.-C.J.’s PhD was funded by a grant from the University of Alicante. This research was funded by the POSINET2 project (Monitoring network of Posidonia oceanica meadow and climate change of the Murcia Region) of the Spanish Institute of Oceanography (CN IEO-CSIC), the Department of Fishery and Aquaculture of the Regional Ministry of Agriculture and Water of the Murcia Region and by the UMBRAL project (Responses of marine benthic macrophytes to stress: critical transitions, resilience and management opportunities) financed by the National Plan of Research of the Spanish Government (CTM2017-86695-C3-2-R) to R.J.M. The research was also supported by project 19-ESMARES2-ANG funded by the Ministry of Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge of the Spanish government for the application of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) in Spanish waters

γδ T lymphocytes in the diagnosis of human T cell receptor immunodeficiencies

Supported by grants from MINECO (SAF 2011-24235, BES-2012-055054, SAF2014- 54708-R, and SAF2014-53563-REDT) CAM (S2010/BMD-2316) ISCIII (RD08- 0075-0002 and PI12/02761)Peer Reviewe

An approach to age and growth of south Atlantic swordfish (Xiphias gladius) stock

A first growth function was estimated for the South Atlantic swordfish stock. A total of 406 anal fins were collected from 2006 to 2013. Fins were classified into three types and the most common, type A, was selected. Biometric relationships among several ray section measurements and lower jaw fork length were analysed. A detailed methodological description for swordfish age interpretation has been developed. Inconclusive results have been obtained when indirect validation test, as edge type and marginal increment ratio analysis, were applied. Mean size at age and growth parameters were estimated using the Standard Von Bertalanffy growth model (VBGM) (L∞= 358.7, k= 0.092, t0= -1.929), which showed the best fit in comparison with other VBGMs

The search for novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cholangiocarcinoma

[EN] The poor prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is in part due to late diagnosis, which is currently achieved by a combination of clinical, radiological and histological approaches. Available biomarkers determined in serum and biopsy samples to assist in CCA diagnosis are not sufficiently sensitive and specific. Therefore, the identification of new biomarkers, preferably those obtained by minimally invasive methods, such as liquid biopsy, is important. The development of innovative technologies has permitted to identify a significant number of genetic, epigenetic, proteomic and metabolomic CCA features with potential clinical usefulness in early diagnosis, prognosis or prediction of treatment response. Potential new candidates must be rigorously evaluated prior to entering routine clinical application. Unfortunately, to date, no such biomarker has achieved validation for these purposes. This review is an up-to-date of currently used biomarkers and the candidates with promising characteristics that could be included in the clinical practice in the next future. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Disease edited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen