Effect of Ultrasonic-Assisted Blanching on Size Variation, Heat Transfer, and Quality Parameters of Mushrooms

The main aim of this work was to assess the influence of the application of power ultrasound during blanching of mushrooms (60 90 °C) on the shrinkage, heat transfer, and quality parameters. Kinetics of mushroom shrinkage was modeled and coupled to a heat transfer model for conventional (CB) and ultrasonic-assisted blanching (UB). Cooking value and the integrated residual enzymatic activity were obtained through predicted temperatures and related to the hardness and color variations of mushrooms, respectively. The application of ultrasound led to an increase of shrinkage and heat transfer rates, being this increase more intense at low process temperatures. Consequently, processing time was decreased (30.7 46.0 %) and a reduction in hardness (25.2 40.8 %) and lightness (13.8 16.8 %) losses were obtained. The best retention of hardness was obtained by the UB at 60 °C, while to maintain the lightness it was the CB and UB at 90 °C. For enhancing both quality parameters simultaneously, a combined treatment (CT), which consisted of a CB 0.5 min at 90 °C and then an UB 19.9min at 60 °C, was designed. In this manner, compared with the conventional treatment at 60 °C, reductions of 39.1, 27.2, and 65.5 % for the process time, hardness and lightness losses were achieved, respectively. These results suggest that the CT could be considered as an interesting alternative to CB in order to reduce the processing time and improve the overall quality of blanched mushrooms.The authors acknowledge the financial support of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas and Universidad Nacional de La Plata from Argentina, Erasmus Mundus Action 2-Strand 1 and EuroTango II Researcher Training Program and Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (SPAIN) and the FEDER (project DPI2012-37466-CO3-03).Lespinard, A.; Bon Corbín, J.; Cárcel Carrión, JA.; Benedito Fort, JJ.; Mascheroni, RH. (2015). Effect of Ultrasonic-Assisted Blanching on Size Variation, Heat Transfer, and Quality Parameters of Mushrooms. Food and Bioprocess Technology. 8(1):41-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-014-1373-zS415381Aguirre, L., Frias, J. M., Barry-Ryan, C., & Grogan, H. (2009). Modelling browning and brown spotting of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) stored in controlled environmental conditions using image analysis. Journal of Food Engineering, 91, 280–286.Anantheswaran, R. C., Sastry, S. K., Beelman, R. B., Okereke, A., & Konanayakam, M. (1986). Effect of processing on yield, color, and texture of canned mushrooms. Journal of Food Science, 51(5), 1197–1200.Biekman, E. S. A., Kroese-Hoedeman, H. I., & Schijvens, E. P. H. M. (1996). Loss of solutes during blanching of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) as a result of shrinkage and extraction. Journal of Food Engineering, 28(2), 139–152.Biekman, E. S. A., van Remmen, H. H. J., Kroese-Hoedeman, H. I., Ogink, J. J. M., & Schijvens, E. P. H. M. (1997). 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A., Quintero-Ramos, A., Barnard, J., Balandrán-Quintana, R. R., Talamás-Abbud, R., & Jiménez-Castro, J. (2007). Effect of ultrasound on the mass transfer and physical changes in brine bell pepper at different temperatures. Journal of Food Engineering, 81, 374–379.Gallego-Juárez, J. A., Riera, E., De la Fuente, S., Rodríguez-Corral, G., Acosta-Aparicio, V. M., & Blanco, A. (2007). Application of high-power ultrasound for dehydration of vegetables: processes and devices. Drying Technology, 25, 1893–1901.Gamboa-Santos, J., Montilla, A., Soria, A. C., & Villamiel, M. (2012). Effects of conventional and ultrasound blanching on enzyme inactivation and carbohydrate content of carrots. European Food Research and Technology, 234, 1071–1079.García-Pérez, J. V., Cárcel, J. A., De la Fuente, S., & Riera, E. (2006). Ultrasonic drying of foodstuff in a fluidized bed. Parametric study. Ultrasonics, 44, 539–543.García-Pérez, J. V., Cárcel, J. A., Riera, E., Rosselló, C., & Mulet, A. (2012). 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Mycological Research, 102, 1459–1483.Konanayakam, M., & Sastry, S. K. (1988). Kinetics of shrinkage of mushroom during blanching. Journal of Food Science, 53(5), 1406–1411.Kotwaliwale, N., Bakane, P., & Verma, A. (2007). Changes in textural and optical properties of oyster mushroom during hot air drying. Journal of Food Engineering, 78(4), 1207–1211.Leadley C. & Williams A. (2002). Power ultrasound—current and potential applications for food processing, Review No 32, Campden and Chorleywood Food Research Association.Lespinard, A. R., Goñi, S. M., Salgado, P. R., & Mascheroni, R. H. (2009). Experimental determination and modeling of size variation, heat transfer and quality indexes during mushroom blanching. Journal of Food Engineering, 92, 8–17.Lima, M., & Sastry, S. K. (1990). Influence of fluid rheological properties and particle location on ultrasound-assisted heat transfer between liquid and particles. Journal of Food Science, 55(4), 1112–1115.López, P., & Burgos, J. (1995). Peroxidase stability and reactivation after heat treatment and manothermosonication. Journal of Food Science, 60(3), 551–553.López, P., Sala, F. J., Fuente, J. L., Cardon, S., Raso, J., & Burgos, J. (1994). Inactivation of peroxidase lipoxigenase and phenol oxidase by manothermosonication. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 42(2), 253–256.Mansfield, T. (1962). High temperature-short time sterilization. Proceedings First International Congress on Food Science and Technology, 4, 311–316.Mason T. J. (1998). Power ultrasound in food processing—the way forward. In M. J. W. Povey & T. J. Mason (Eds.), Ultrasound in Food Processing (pp 103–126). Blackie Academic & Professional, London.McArdle F. J. & Curwen D. (1962). Some factors influencing shrinkage of canned mushrooms. Mushroom Science, 5, 547–557.McArdle, F. J., Kuhn, G. D., & Beelman, R. B. (1974). Influence of vacuum soaking on yield and quality of canned mushrooms. Journal of Food Science, 39, 1026–1028.Mohapatra, D., Bira, Z. M., Kerry, J. P., Frías, J. M., & Rodrigues, F. A. (2010). Postharvest hardness and color evolution of White button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Journal of Food Science, 75(3), 146–152.Ohlsson, T. (1980). Temperature dependence of sensory quality changes during thermal processing. Journal of Food Science, 45(4), 836–847.Ortuño, C., Martínez-Pastor, M., Mulet, A., & Benedito, J. (2013). Application of high power ultrasound in the supercritical carbon dioxide inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Food Research International, 51, 474–481.Peralta-Jimenez, L., & Cañizares-Macías, M. P. (2012). Ultrasound-assisted method for extraction of theobromine and caffeine from cacao seeds and chocolate products. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 6, 3522–3529.Rodríguez-López, J. N., Fenoll, N. G., Tudela, J., Devece, C., Sánchez-Hernández, D., De los Reyes, D., et al. (1999). Thermal inactivation of mushroom polyphenoloxidase employing 2450 MHz microwave radiation. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 47, 3028–3035.Sala, F., Burgos, J., Condon, S., Lopez, P., & Raso, J. (1995). Effect of heat and ultrasound on microorganisms and enzymes. In G. W. Gould (Ed.), New methods of food preservation (1st ed., pp. 176–204). Glasgow: Blackie Academic and professional.Sanjuán, N., Hernando, I., Lluch, M. A., & Mullet, A. (2005). Effects of low temperature blanching on texture, microstructure and rehydration capacity of carrots. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 85, 2071–2076.Santos, M. V., & Lespinard, A. R. (2011). Numerical simulation of mushrooms during freezing using the FEM and an enthalpy—Kirchhoff formulation. Heat and Mass Transfer, 47, 1671–1683.Sastry, S. K., Beelman, R. B., & Speroni, J. J. (1985). A three-dimensional finite element model for thermally induced changes in foods: application to degradation of agaritine in canned mushrooms. Journal of Food Science, 50(5), 1293–1299.Sastry, S. K., Shen, G. Q., & Blaisdel, J. L. (1989). Effect of ultrasonic vibration on fluid-to-particule convective heat transfer coefficients. Journal of Food Science, 54(1), 229–230.Sensoy, I., & Sastry, S. K. (2004). Ohmic blanching of mushrooms. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 27(1), 1–15.Sheen, S., & Hayakawa, K. (1991). Finite difference simulation for heat conduction with phase change in an irregular food domain with volumetric change. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 34(6), 1337–1346.Simal, S., Benedito, J., Sanchez, E. S., & Rossello, C. (1998). Use of ultrasound to increase mass transport rates during osmotic dehydration. Journal of Food Engineering, 36, 323–336.Siró, I., Vén, C., Balla, C., Jónás, G., Zeke, I., & Friedrich, L. (2009). Application of an ultrasonic assisted curing technique for improving the diffusion of sodium chloride in porcine meat. Journal of Food Engineering, 91, 353–362.Soria, A. 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Natural History of MYH7-Related Dilated Cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND Variants in myosin heavy chain 7 (MYH7) are responsible for disease in 1% to 5% of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM); however, the clinical characteristics and natural history of MYH7-related DCM are poorly described. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the phenotype and prognosis of MYH7-related DCM. We also evaluated the influence of variant location on phenotypic expression. METHODS We studied clinical data from 147 individuals with DCM-causing MYH7 variants (47.6% female; 35.6 +/- 19.2 years) recruited from 29 international centers. RESULTS At initial evaluation, 106 (72.1%) patients had DCM (left ventricular ejection fraction: 34.5% +/- 11.7%). Median follow-up was 4.5 years (IQR: 1.7-8.0 years), and 23.7% of carriers who were initially phenotype-negative developed DCM. Phenotypic expression by 40 and 60 years was 46% and 88%, respectively, with 18 patients (16%) first diagnosed at <18 years of age. Thirty-six percent of patients with DCM met imaging criteria for LV noncompaction. During follow-up, 28% showed left ventricular reverse remodeling. Incidence of adverse cardiac events among patients with DCM at 5 years was 11.6%, with 5 (4.6%) deaths caused by end-stage heart failure (ESHF) and 5 patients (4.6%) requiring heart transplantation. The major ventricular arrhythmia rate was low (1.0% and 2.1% at 5 years in patients with DCM and in those with LVEF of <= 35%, respectively). ESHF and major ventricular arrhythmia were significantly lower compared with LMNA-related DCM and similar to DCM caused by TTN truncating variants. CONCLUSIONS MYH7-related DCM is characterized by early age of onset, high phenotypic expression, low left ventricular reverse remodeling, and frequent progression to ESHF. Heart failure complications predominate over ventricular arrhythmias, which are rare. (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier on behalf of the American College of Cardiology Foundation

Evidence of Erroneous Deductions and their Possible Effects on the Initial Learning of the Concept of Cell in Primary School

En este trabajo se han obtenido evidencias sobre dificultades para procesar información referida al concepto de célula en estudiantes de escuela primaria. Se identificaron posibles deducciones erróneas que podrían establecer estudiantes de 5to grado (10-11 años) que intentaran procesar cognitivamente, y por primera vez, la información de libros de texto escolares y del discurso docente sobre el tema y se diseñó un cuestionario con el objetivo de hallar evidencia de estas deducciones. Fue posible detectar algunas evidencias de construcción de modelos explicativos incipientes siendo destacable la aparición de modelos consistentes, pero científicamente incorrectos. Luego, se aplicó el mismo cuestionario a estudiantes de 6to y 7mo grado (11-13 años) y se observó que algunos patrones de respuesta se mantenían e, incluso, se afianzaban. Estos modelos podrían dar cuenta del origen de errores o dificultades en la comprensión del concepto célula en estudiantes de niveles educativos subsiguientes.In this paper we have obtained some evidence on difficulties in processing information about the cell among primary school students. We identified possible misleading deductions that 5th grade students (10-11 years) could establish when trying, for the first time, to cognitively process information on the subject from school textbooks and teacher discourse, and we designed a questionnaire to find evidence of these deductions. It was possible to detect some evidence of incipient explanatory models. It is important to highlight the emergence of consistent but scientifically incorrect models. Then, the same questionnaire was applied to 6th and 7th grade students (11-13 years), and it was found that some response patterns prevailed and were even reinforced. These models could account for the origin of errors or difficulties in understanding the concept of cell among students of subsequent educational levels.Fil: Edelsztein, Valeria Carolina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Formación e Investigación en Enseñanza de las Ciencias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Galagovsky, Lydia Raquel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Formación e Investigación en Enseñanza de las Ciencias; Argentin

Influencia de la Hidroclorotiazida sobre el metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono

Se estudió el efecto de la hidroclorotiazida sobre la curva de tolerancia de la glucosa, para cuyo efecto se administró diariamente 200 mq, de hidroclorotiazida durante 7 días a 53 sujetos: 10 presuntos normales, 20 con hipertensión esenciaL 7 con nefropatías difusas e insuficiencia renal, 6 nefrópatas sin insuficiencia renal y 10 con diabetes mellitus de moderada intensidad. No se produjo elevación de la glucosa sanguínea basal, en cambio sí hubo un incremento en las curvas de glicemia en todos los grupos a excepción de los nefrópatas. En los pacientes renales sin insuficiencia no se halló una variación importante, pero en los que acusaron retención nitrogenada la curva descendió. Los sujetos normales mostraron una elevación estadísticamente significativa a los 60 y 90 minutos, pero que no llegó a sobrepasar los límites normales. En los pacientes con hipertensión se observó la aparición de un mayor número de curvas anormales después de la hidroclorotiazida. Los diabéticos no mostraron un incremento importante de sus curvas de glicemia. Se hace una breve revisión de los posibles mecanismos de acción de los tiazidas sobre el metabolismo hidrocarbonado, señalándose, a mérito de las investigaciones practicadas, que la hidroclorotiazida ocasiona una elevación de las curvas de glicemia en sujetos con tolerancia a los hidratos de carbono previamente normal o disminuida, posiblemente por una alteración en la relación sodio/potasio intracelular, sin descartarse la concurrencia de otros mecanismos

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Se ha propuesto un método espectrofluorométrico para la determinación de Ca(II) en frutas previa formación del quelato Ca-Calceina. Los resultados obtenidos son reproducibles y el método es más selectivo que otros métodos espectrofotométricos. La determinación de Ca(II) es posible directamente y en tiempo menor que el empleado con otros métodos espectrofotométricos.A spectrofluorometric method is proposed for determination of Ca(II) in fruits based on the Ca-Calceine chelate. The resultats obtained are perfectly reproducible and the method becomes more selective than other spectrofotometlic methods. The determination of Ca(II) is directly possible in less time than other spectrofotometric methods

Phenological cycle and floral development of Chloraea crispa (Orchidaceae)

Chloraea crispa Lindl. is a terrestrial orchid endemic to Chile that has potential to be a novel alternative for the cut flower industry. The objectives of this study were to describe the phenological cycle and floral bud development of C. crispa to determine the timing of initiation and differentiation of the spike. During the summer, plants are dormant. The renewal buds are located at the top of the rhizome, next to the buds from which the shoot of the previous season originated. From the end of summer until the end of winter, the plant is in vegetative growth. From June onward, the flower stalk starts to emerge, and flowering and leaf senescence occur during the spring until the beginning of summer. The renewal buds started forming leaf primordia during or after the flowering of the above-ground annual stems and the senescence of the plant. Between December and January, the apical meristem changes to the reproductive stage, and from March, the first flower primordial could be observed. C. crispa shows similarity with other geophytes in which florogenesis and the development of new organs occurs within the renewal buds during or after the summer dormancy period.Chloraea crispa Lindl. (Orchidaceae) es una orquídea terrestre endémica de Chile, con potencial como nueva alternativa para la industria de flor de corte. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir el ciclo fenológico y el desarrollo de yemas florales de C. crispa de manera de determinar el comienzo de la iniciación floral y la diferenciación de la vara floral. Durante el verano las plantas se encontraron en dormición, las yemas de renuevo se localizaron en la parte superior del rizoma, cercanas a las yemas que originaron el crecimiento de la temporada anterior. Desde finales del verano hasta el final del invierno, las plantas se encontraban en crecimiento vegetativo. Desde junio en adelante el tallo floral comenzó a emerger. La floración junto con la senescencia de las hojas ocurrió durante la primavera hasta los comienzos de verano. Las yemas de renuevo comenzaron la formación de primordios foliares, durante o después de la floración de los crecimientos de la temporada y senescencia de la planta. Entre diciembre y enero, el meristemo apical cambió al estado reproductivo y desde marzo en adelante fue posible observar los primeros primordios florales. C. crispa presenta similitudes con otras geófitas, donde la florogénesis y el desarrollo de nuevos órganos ocurre al interior de las yemas de renuevo durante o después del periodo de dormición estival

Determinación del desgaste del componente acetabular en prótesis totales de cadera. // Wear determination of acetabular component in total hip prosthesis.

En este trabajo se realiza un estudio a través del Método de los Elementos Finitos “MEF” sobre el desgaste del componenteacetabular durante el ciclo de marcha y considerando algunos casos extremos de cargas como subir y bajar escaleras,levantarse de una silla, etc. Utilizando el MEF fueron modelados independientemente los componentes acetabular yfemoral de la prótesis total de cadera y puestos en contacto posteriormente. Fueron estudiadas varias posiciones delacetábulo así como diferentes casos de carga simulando pacientes con diferente peso corporal y actividades físicas. Paraevaluar los resultados se crearon rutinas en lenguaje C que organizaron los mismos para un tratamiento estadísticoposterior.Palabras claves: biomecánica, ortopedia, elementos finitos, modelación, desgaste, prótesis de cadera.___________________________________________________________________________Abstract.A wear study of acetabular component during the marching cycle, considering some extreme loads cases as: ascend anddescend stairways, get up from a seat, etc , by means of Finite Elements Method ( FEM ), is carried out. The acetabular andfemoral component of the total hip prosthesis were independently modeled and placed in contact lastly. Several acetabulpositions were studied as well as different load cases, simulating patients with different body weight and different physicalactivities. To evaluate the results routines in C language were created in order to organized the same ones for a laterstatistical treatment.Key words. biomechanics, ortophedy, finite elements, modelation, wear, hip bone prosthesis.</p

Prevalencia de algunos factores de riesgo cardiovascular en dos poblaciones de Huaraz (3 100 m sobre el nivel del mar)

Objetivo: estudiar la prevalencia de algunos factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRC) en adultos nativos de altura del distrito de Huaraz-Ancash (3 100 m sobre el nivel del mar). Material y métodos: estudio comparativo y transversal en individuos mayores de 18 años que vivían en área urbana (barrio de Belén) y área rural (comunidad de Paquishca), del distrito de Huaraz. Luego de un muestreo por etapas, la muestra quedó conformada por 204 personas (102 del área urbana y 102 del área rural). Se utilizó una encuesta previamente validada, que se aplicó en agosto del 2004 y se evaluaron nueve parámetros. Resultados: se halló que los FRC se encontraban presentes en Huaraz y fueron más prevalentes en la población urbana 95% que en la rural 66,7%. Comparando el área urbana con la rural, se halló que la prevalencia de HTA fué 18,6% urbano y 3,9% rural; hipercolesterolemia 13,7% vs 2%; LDL elevado 39,2% vs 5,9%; HDL disminuido 51% vs 48%; hiperglucemia 5,9% vs 2%; obesidad 15,7% vs 2%; tabaquismo 21,6% vs 5%; alcoholismo 12,7% vs 6,9% y sedentarismo 73,5% vs 26,5%; respectivamente. Seis de los nueve FRC estudiados fueron más prevalentes en la población urbana (HTA, hipercolesterolemia, LDL elevado, obesidad, tabaquismo y sedentarismo); siendo la diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Asimismo, la prevalencia individual acumulada de los FRC también fué mayor en el área urbana. Conclusiones: los FRC se encuentran presentes en la población adulta de altura del distrito de Huaraz y son más prevalentes en la población urbana que en la rural.Objective: to study the prevalence of some of cardiovascular risk factors (RCF) in high altitude born adults of the district of Huaraz-Ancash (3,100 m above sea level). Materials and methods: comparative study and cross sectional study in individuals over age 18 living in urban (neighborhood of Bethlehem) and the rural (community of Paquishca) areas of the district of Huaraz. After staged sampling, the sample consisted of 204 people (102 urban and 102 rural). A previously validated survey was applied in August, 2004, evaluating 9 parameters. Results: RCF were found in Huaraz, with a greater prevalence in the urban population (95%) that in the rural one (66,7%). Comparing urban vs. rural populations, the prevalence of arterial hypertension AHT was 18,6% vs. 3,9% rural; hypercolesterolemia 13,7% vs. 2%; high LDL 39,2% vs. 5,9%; low HDL 51% vs. 48%; hyperglycemia 5,9% vs. 2%; obesity 15,7% vs. 2%; smoking 21,6% vs. 5%; alcoholism 12.7% vs. 6.9% and sedentary lifestyle 73,5% vs. 26,5%. Six of the nine RCF studied were more prevalent in the urban population (AHT, hypercolesterolemia, high LDL, obesity, smoking and sedentary lifestyle), with statistically significant differences. The accumulated individual prevalence of the RCF was also greater in the urban area. Conclusions: RCF are present in the adult high altitude population of the district of Huaraz, and they are more prevalent in the urban population than in the rural one