Estudio en alta resolución espacial de la emisión nuclear y extensa en galaxias seyfert

Las galaxias activas son aquellas que muestran signos de la existencia de procesos muy energéticos en sus núcleos. En el caso de las galaxias normales la mayoría de la energía que emiten tiene origen estelar, pero en las galaxias activas gran parte de la emisión se debe a la acreción de material circumnuclear sobre un agujero negro. La alimentación de dichos agujeros negros requiere del gas presente en el medio interestelar de las galaxias anfitrionas, lo que convierte a los núcleos activos de galaxias (AGN, del Inglés Active Galactic Nuclei) en interesantes objetos de estudio por la influencia que pueden tener en la evolución de la galaxias. Existen muy pocos estudios sobre la emisión MIR de las galaxias activas con alta resolución espacial debido a la dificultad de observar en este rango con telescopios en tierra y a las bajas resoluciones angulares alcanzadas con los telescopios espaciales actuales que operan en dicho rango. La emisión del continuo en el MIR puede ser debida a polvo presente en la región de líneas estrechas y calentado por el AGN pero también por procesos relacionados con la formación estelar. En este trabajo de tesis pretendemos ampliar nuestro conocimiento sobre el origen de la emisión en el infrarrojo (IR, del Inglés Infrared), y en particular, en el infrarrojo medio (MIR, del Inglés Mid-Infrared) de las galaxias activas, en escalas tanto nucleares (~70 pc) como circumnucleares (<3 kpc). Para llevar a cabo este estudio utilizamos trazadores de la formación estelar y de la actividad nuclear, con lo que distinguimos la principal fuente de calentamiento del polvo a diferentes escalas. En el primer trabajo presentado en esta tesis estudiamos la emisión nuclear y extensa en el IR de la galaxia Seyfert NGC 2992 y el sistema en interacción al que pertenece (Arp 245). Para ello utilizamos datos en el infrarrojo cercano (NIR, del Inglés Near-Infrared), MIR y FIR (FIR, del Inglés Far-Infrared), y diferentes técnicas para analizar las imágenes y espectros de los que disponemos. Con todo ello hacemos un estudio exhaustivo de las propiedades de la galaxia NGC 2992 y también estudiamos las propiedades del polvo del sistema en interacción. Usando modelos de toro grumoso modelamos la distribución espectral de energía IR de NGG 2992 y obtenemos un radio del toro pequeño (~1.2 pc). También encontramos que la emisión de dicho toro domina el espectro MIR a ~20 micras. En cuanto al sistema en interacción, obtenemos valores de las propiedades del polvo consistentes con sistemas que se encuentran en las primeras etapas de la interacción. En la segunda parte de esta memoria extendemos el estudio presentado en el primer trabajo para una muestra completa de galaxias Seyfert y nos centramos en el rango MIR. En dicho rango encontramos morfologías extendidas (~400 pc) para la mayoría de las galaxias Seyfert (75-83 %). También observamos que las galaxias cuya emisión circumnuclear en el MIR está dominada por el AGN muestran una menor extensión que los sistemas dominados por la formación estelar. Utilizando trazadores de la actividad nuclear y la formación estelar, encontramos que la emisión nuclear en el MIR está producida por polvo calentado por el AGN. En el caso de la emisión circumnuclear ocurre prácticamente lo mismo, excepto para algunos objetos que tienen cierta contribución de la formación estelar. Por último, investigamos la relación entre la emisión IR y los rayos-X duros para una muestra de AGN de tipo 1, utilizando la técnica del espectro de correlación. El espectro de correlación muestra un máximo a ~15-20 micras, el cual coincide con la máxima contribución del AGN a los espectros MIR de la muestra estudiada. Además, encontramos un pico en la correlación a ~2 micras, que relacionamos con el exceso en el infrarrojo cercano que se observa en algunas distribuciones espectrales de energía de AGN de tipo 1, y que indica que está producido por polvo calentado por el AGN a una temperatura mayor que la de sublimación de los silicatos. Por otro lado, observamos que todas las líneas de emisión presentan una buena correlación con los rayos-X duros, independientemente de cuál sea su potencial de ionización (desde 8 a 97 eV). De este análisis obtenemos las siguiente conclusiones generales: la mayoría (75-83 %) de las galaxias Seyfert presentan morfologías extendidas en el MIR (~400 pc) y confirmamos la existencia de una fuerte correlación entre la emisión nuclear y circumnuclear en el MIR con diferentes trazadores del AGN (máximo de la correlación a ~15-20 micras). Además, para el caso de NGC 2992 comprobamos que es precisamente a ~20 micras donde la emisión del toro domina el espectro MIR. Finalmente, observamos que tanto las líneas de emisión en el MIR que trazan la formación estelar como la actividad nuclear (dependiendo de sus potenciales de ionización) presentan una buena correlación con los rayos-X duros para una muestra de AGN de tipo 1. Esto sugiere que en los sistemas dominados por la actividad nuclear, las líneas de emisión están principalmente ionizadas por el AGN

The role of grain size in AGN torus dust models

Fits the infrared spectra from the nuclear regions of AGN can place constraints on the dust properties, distribution, and geometry by comparison with models. However, none of the currently available models fully describe the observations of AGN currently available. Among the aspects least explored, here we focus on the role of dust grain size. We offer the community a new spectral energy distribution (SED) library, hereinafter [GoMar23] model, which is based on the two-phase torus model developed before with the inclusion of the grain size as a model parameter, parameterized by the maximum grain size Psize or equivalently the mass-weighted average grain size . We created 691,200 SEDs using the SKIRT code, where the maximum grain size can vary within the range Psize = 0.01 - 10.0um ( = 0.007 - 3.41um). We fit this new and several existing libraries to a sample of 68 nearby and luminous AGNs with Spitzer/IRS spectra dominated by AGN-heated dust. We find that the [GoMar23] model can adequately reproduce up to 85-88% of the spectra. The dust grain size parameter significantly improves the final fit in up to 90% of these spectra. Statistical tests indicate that the grain size is the third most important parameter in the fitting procedure (after the size and half opening angle of the torus). The requirement of a foreground extinction by our model is lower compared to purely clumpy models. We find that 41% of our sample requires that the maximum dust grain size is as large as Psize =10um (= 3.41um). Nonetheless, we also remark that disk+wind and clumpy torus models are still required to reproduce the spectra of a non-negligible fraction of objects, suggesting the need for several dust geometries to explain the infrared continuum of AGN. This work provides tentative evidence for dust grain growth in the proximity of the AGN.Comment: 26 pages, 14 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in A&

The nuclear and extended infrared emission of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 2992 and the interacting system Arp 245

We present subarcsecond resolution infrared (IR) imaging and mid-IR (MIR) spectroscopic observations of the Seyfert 1.9 galaxy NGC 2992, obtained with the Gemini North Telescope and the Gran Telescopio CANARIAS (GTC). The N-band image reveals faint extended emission out to ∼3 kpc, and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon features detected in the GTC/CanariCam 7.5–13 μm spectrum indicate that the bulk of this extended emission is dust heated by star formation. We also report arcsecond resolution MIR and far-IR imaging of the interacting system Arp 245, taken with the Spitzer Space Telescope and the Herschel Space Observatory. Using these data, we obtain nuclear fluxes using different methods and find that we can only recover the nuclear fluxes obtained from the subarcsecond data at 20–25 μm, where the active galactic nuclei (AGN) emission dominates. We fitted the nuclear IR spectral energy distribution of NGC 2992, including the GTC/CanariCam nuclear spectrum (∼50 pc), with clumpy torus models. We then used the best-fitting torus model to decompose the Spitzer/IRS 5–30 μm spectrum (∼630 pc) in AGN and starburst components, using different starburst templates. We find that, whereas at shorter MIR wavelengths the starburst component dominates (64 per cent at 6 μm), the AGN component reaches 90 per cent at 20 μm. We finally obtained dust masses, temperatures and star formation rates for the different components of the Arp 245 system and find similar values for NGC 2992 and NGC 2993. These measurements are within those reported for other interacting systems in the first stages of the interaction.IGB acknowledges financial support from the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias through Fundacion La Caixa. This research was partly supported by a Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme (PIEF-GA-2012-327934). CRA and IGB acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) through project PN AYA2013-47742-C4-2-P. AAH acknowledges funding from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under grant AYA2012-31447, which is party funded by the FEDER program. PE acknowledges support from the Spanish Plan Nacional de Astronomía y Astrofísica under grant AYA2012-31277. OGM acknowledges support from grant AYA2012-39168-C03-01. TDS was supported by ALMA-CONICYT grant number 31130005.Peer Reviewe

Modeling the Unresolved NIR–MIR SEDs of Local (z < 0.1) QSOs

To study the nuclear (≲1 kpc) dust of nearby (z < 0.1) quasi-stellar objects (QSOs), we obtained new near-infrared (NIR) high angular resolution (∼0.″3) photometry in the H and Ks bands for 13 QSOs with available mid-infrared (MIR) high angular resolution spectroscopy (∼7.5-13.5 μm). We find that in most QSOs, the NIR emission is unresolved. We subtract the contribution from the accretion disk, which decreases from NIR (∼35%) to MIR (∼2.4%). We also estimate these percentages assuming a bluer accretion disk and find that the contribution in the MIR is nearly seven times larger. We find that the majority of objects (64%, 9/13) are better fitted by the disk+wind H17 model, while others can be fitted by the smooth F06 (14%, 2/13), clumpy N08 (7%, 1/13), clumpy H10 (7%, 1/13), and two-phase media S16 (7%, 1/13) models. However, if we assume the bluer accretion disk, the models fit only 2/13 objects. We measured two NIR-to-MIR spectral indexes, α NIR-MIR(1.6-8.7 μm) and α NIR-MIR(2.2-8.7 μm), and two MIR spectral indexes, α MIR(7.8-9.8 μm) and α MIR(9.8-11.7 μm), from models and observations. From observations, we find that the NIR-to-MIR spectral indexes are ∼-1.1, and the MIR spectral indexes are ∼-0.3. Comparing the synthetic and observed values, we find that none of the models simultaneously match the measured NIR-to-MIR and 7.8-9.8 μm slopes. However, we note that measuring α MIR(7.8-9.8 μm) on the starburst-subtracted Spitzer/IRS spectrum gives values of the slopes (∼-2) that are similar to the synthetic values obtained from the models. © 2021. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.M.M.-P. acknowledges support from the KASI postdoctoral fellowships. O.G.-M. acknowledges support from the UNAM PAPIIT [IN105720]. I.G.B. acknowledges support from the STFC through grant ST/S000488/1. C.R.A. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU) under grant RYC-2014–15779, the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 860744 (BiD4BESt), and the State Research Agency (AEI-MCINN) of the Spanish MCIU under grants "Feeding and feedback in active galaxies" with reference PID2019–106027GB-C42 and "Quantifying the impact of quasar feedback on galaxy evolution (QSOFEED)" with reference EUR2020–112266. C.R.A. also acknowledges support from the Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento y Empleo del Gobierno de Canarias and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) under grant ProID2020010105 and from IAC project P/301404, financed by the Ministry of Science and Innovation through the State Budget and by the Canary Islands Department of Economy, Knowledge and Employment through the Regional Budget of the Autonomous Community. A.A.-H. acknowledges support from PGC2018-094671-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER,UE). A.A.-H.'s work was done under project No. MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia "María de Maeztu"- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC). I.A. acknowledges support from project CB2016-281948. J.M. acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709) and research projects AYA2016-76682-C3-1-P (AEI/FEDER, UE) and PID2019-106027GB-C41 (AEI/FEDER, UE).Peer reviewe

Multiphase feedback processes in the Sy2 galaxy NGC 5643

arXiv:2009.12385v1 [astro-ph.GA]We study the multiphase feedback processes in the central ∼3 kpc of the barred Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 5643. We used observations of the cold molecular gas (ALMA CO(2−1) transition) and ionized gas (MUSE IFU optical emission lines). We studied different regions along the outflow zone, which extends out to ∼2.3 kpc in the same direction (east-west) as the radio jet, as well as nuclear and circumnuclear regions in the host galaxy disk. The CO(2−1) line profiles of regions in the outflow and spiral arms show two or more different velocity components: one associated with the host galaxy rotation, and the others with out- or inflowing material. In the outflow region, the [O III]λ5007 Å emission lines have two or more components: the narrow component traces rotation of the gas in the disk, and the others are related to the ionized outflow. The deprojected outflowing velocities of the cold molecular gas (median Vcentral ∼ 189 km s−1) are generally lower than those of the outflowing ionized gas, which reach deprojected velocities of up to 750 km s−1 close to the active galactic nucleus (AGN), and their spatial profiles follow those of the ionized phase. This suggests that the outflowing molecular gas in the galaxy disk is being entrained by the AGN wind. We derive molecular and ionized outflow masses of ∼5.2 × 107 M⊙ (αCOGalactic) and 8.5 × 104 M⊙ and molecular and ionized outflow mass rates of ∼51 M⊙ yr−1 (αCOGalactic) and 0.14 M⊙ yr−1, respectively. This means that the molecular phase dominates the outflow mass and outflow mass rate, while the kinetic power and momentum of the outflow are similar in both phases. However, the wind momentum loads (Ṗout/ṖAGN) for the molecular and ionized outflow phases are ∼27−5 (αCOGalactic and αCOULIRGs) and < 1, which suggests that the molecular phase is not momentum conserving, but the ionized phase most certainly is. The molecular gas content (Meast ∼ 1.5 × 107 M⊙; αCOGalactic) of the eastern spiral arm is approximately 50−70% of the content of the western one. We interpret this as destruction or clearing of the molecular gas produced by the AGN wind impacting in the eastern side of the host galaxy (negative feedback process). The increase in molecular phase momentum implies that part of the kinetic energy from the AGN wind is transmitted to the molecular outflow. This suggests that in Seyfert-like AGN such as NGC 5643, the radiative or quasar and the kinetic or radio AGN feedback modes coexist and may shape the host galaxies even at kiloparsec scales through both positive and (mild) negative feedback.IGB, AAH and FJC acknowledge financial support through grant PN AYA2015-64346-C2-1-P (MINECO/FEDER), funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu. IGB and DR also acknowledge support from STFC through grant ST/S000488/1. DR acknowledges support from the University of Oxford John Fell Fund. AAH, SGB and MVM also acknowledge support through grant PGC2018-094671-BI00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER,UE). AAH, MPS, MVM and AL work was done under project No. MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia “María de Maeztu” - Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC). MPS acknowledges support from the Comunidad de Madrid, Spain, through Atracción de Talento Investigador Grant 2018- T1/TIC-11035 and PID2019-105423GA-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER,UE). BG-L acknowledges support from the State Research Agency (AEI) of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) under grant with reference AYA2015- 68217-P. FJC and SM acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry MCIU under project RTI2018-096686-B-C21 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER/UE), cofunded by FEDER funds and from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu, ref. MDM-2017-0765. CRA acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU), the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (EU FEDER) under project AYA2016-76682-C3-2-P and PID2019-106027GB-C42. CRA also acknowledges support from the MCIU under grant RYC-2014-15779. AL acknowledges the support from Comunidad de Madrid through the Atracción de Talento grant 2017-T1/TIC-5213. CR acknowledges support from the Fondecyt Iniciacion grant 11190831.Peer reviewe

The nuclear and extended mir-infrared emission of Seyfert galaxies

<p>We present subarcsecond resolution mid-infrared (MIR) images obtained with 8-10 m-class ground-based telescopes of a complete volume-limited (DL<40 pc) sample of 24 Seyfert galaxies selected from the Swift/BAT nine month Catalog. We use those MIR images to study the nuclear and circumnuclear emission of the galaxies. Using different methods to classify the MIR morphologies on scales of ~200 pc, we found that the majority of the galaxies (75-79%) are extended or possibly extended and 21-25 % are point-like. In general, we find that the galaxies with point-like MIR morphologies are face-on or moderately inclined (b/a~0.4-1.0), and we do not find significant differences between the morphologies of Sy1 and Sy2. This extended emission is weak and compact and it represents ~30% of the total MIR emission of the galaxies in the sample. We obtain nuclear and circumnuclear MIR fluxes to investigate their correlation with different AGN and star formation indicators. We find that the nuclear MIR emission (inner ~70 pc) is strongly correlated with the X-ray emission (the harder the X-rays the better the correlation) and with the [O IV] lambda 25.89 micron emission line. We find the same results, although with more scatter, for the circumnuclear MIR emission. This indicates that AGN ionization is the dominant source of excitation of the nuclear and circumnuclear MIR emission.</p

Torus properties in intermediate type AGN

Trabajo presentado al XIV.0 Scientific Meeting (virtual) of the Spanish Astronomical Society (SEA), celebrado del13 al 15 de julio de 2020.The geometrical covering factor (f2) of the AGN nuclear absorber, the so-called "dusty torus", is substantially larger in optical type 2 AGN than in type 1 objects. We have investigated whether we observe the same effect for type 1 objects with increasing subtypes, from 1 to 1.9 to shed light onto the physical origin of the intermediate type classification of AGN: partial obscuration or an intrinsically weaker Broad Line Region at low AGN luminosities. Using a sample of 123 type 1 AGN with intermediate classification we have found that type 1.0, 1.2 and 1.5 AGN have similar distributions of f2 while objects classified as 1.8 and 1.9 have f2 values halfway between those of AGN types 1.0/1.2/1.5 and type 2s.Peer reviewe

On the viability of determining galaxy properties from observations I: Star formation rates and kinematics

International audienceWe explore how observations relate to the physical properties of the emitting galaxies by post-processing a pair of merging z ~ 2 galaxies from the cosmological, hydrodynamical simulation NEWHORIZON using LCARS (Light from Cloudy Added to RAMSES) to encode the physical properties of the simulated galaxy into Hα emission line. By carrying out mock observations and analysis on these data cubes we ascertain which physical properties of the galaxy will be recoverable with the HARMONI spectrograph on the European Extremely Large Telescope (ELT). We are able to estimate the galaxy's star formation rate and dynamical mass to a reasonable degree of accuracy, with values within a factor of 1.81 and 1.38 of the true value. The kinematic structure of the galaxy is also recovered in mock observations. Furthermore, we are able to recover radial profiles of the velocity dispersion and are therefore able to calculate how the dynamical ratio varies as a function of distance from the galaxy centre. Finally, we show that when calculated on galaxy scales the dynamical ratio does not always provide a reliable measure of a galaxy's stability against gravity or act as an indicator of a minor merger

Exploring the mid-infrared SEDs of Six AGN dusty torus models. I. Synthetic spectra

At distances from the active galaxy nucleus where the ambient temperature falls below ∼1500-1800 K, dust is able to survive. It is thus possible to have a large dusty structure present that surrounds the active galaxy nucleus. This is the first of two papers aiming at comparing six dusty torus models with available spectral energy distributions, namely, Fritz et al., Nenkova et al., Hönig & Kishimoto, Siebenmorgen et al., Stalevski et al., and Hönig & Kishimoto. In this first paper we use synthetic spectra to explore the discrimination between these models and under which circumstances they allow us to restrict the torus parameters, while our second paper analyzes the best model to describe the mid-infrared spectroscopic data. We have produced synthetic spectra from current instruments GTC/CanariCam and Spitzer/IRS and future James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/MIRI and JWST/NIRSpec instruments. We find that for a reasonable brightness (F > 100 mJy) we can actually distinguish among models except for the two pairs of parent models. We show that these models can be distinguished based on the continuum slopes and the strength of the silicate features. Moreover, their parameters can be constrained within 15% of error, irrespective of the instrument used, for all the models except Hönig & Kishimoto. However, the parameter estimates are ruined when more than 50% of circumnuclear contributors are included. Therefore, future high spatial resolution spectra such as those expected from JWST will provide enough coverage and spatial resolution to tackle this topic.© 2019 The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.This research is mainly funded by the UNAM PAPIIT project IA103118 (PI OG-M). M.M.-P. acknowledges support by KASI postdoctoral fellowships. I.M. and J.M. acknowledge financial support from the research project AYA2016-76682-C3-1-P (AEI/FEDER, UE). J.M.R.-E. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science under grants AYA2015-70498-C2-1 and AYA2017-84061-P. I.G.-B. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) through projects PN AYA2015-64346-C2-1-P and AYA2016-76682-C3-2-P. I.M. and J.M. acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the >Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa> award for the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709). D.E.-A. acknowledges support from a CONACYT scholarship. D.-D. acknowledges PAPIIT UNAM support from grant IN113719

Exploring the mid-infrared SEDs of Six AGN dusty torus models. II. The Data

This is the second in a series of papers devoted to exploring a set of six dusty models of active galactic nuclei (AGN) with available spectral energy distributions. These models are the smooth torus by Fritz et al., the clumpy torus by Nenkova et al., the clumpy torus by Hönig & Kishimoto, the two-phase torus by Siebenmorgen et al., the two-phase torus by Stalevski et al., and the wind model by Hönig & Kishimoto. The first paper explores discrimination among models and the parameter restriction using synthetic spectra. Here we perform spectral fitting of a sample of 110 AGN drawn from the Swift/BAT survey with Spitzer/IRS spectroscopic data. The aim is to explore which is the model that describes better the data and the resulting parameters. The clumpy wind-disk model by Hönig & Kishimoto provides good fits for ∼50% of the sample, and the clumpy torus model by Nenkova et al. is good at describing ∼30% of the objects. The wind-disk model by Hönig & Kishimoto is better for reproducing the mid-infrared spectra of type 1 Seyferts (with 60% of the type 1 Seyferts well reproduced by this model compared to the 10% well represented by the clumpy torus model by Nenkova et al.), while type 2 Seyferts are equally fitted by both models (roughly 40% of the type 2 Seyferts). Large residuals are found irrespective of the model used, indicating that the AGN dust continuum emission is more complex than predicted by the models or that the parameter space is not well sampled. We found that all the resulting parameters for our AGN sample are roughly constrained to 10%-20% of the parameter space. Contrary to what is generally assumed, the derived outer radius of the torus is smaller (reaching up to a factor of ∼5 smaller for 10 pc tori) for the smooth torus by Fritz et al. and the two-phase torus by Stalevski et al. than the one derived from the clumpy torus by Nenkova et al. Covering factors and line-of-sight viewing angles strongly depend on the model used. The total dust mass is the most robust derived quantity, giving equivalent results for four of these models.© 2019 The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.This research is mainly funded by the UNAM PAPIIT project IA103118 (PI OG-M). M.M.-P. acknowledges support by KASI postdoctoral fellowships. I.M. and J.M. acknowledge financial support from the research project AYA2016-76682-C3-1-P (AEI/FEDER, UE). J.M.R.-E. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science under grants AYA2015-70498-C2-1 and AYA2017-84061-P. I.G.-B. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) through projects PN AYA2015-64346-C2-1-P and AYA2016-76682-C3-2-P. I.M. and J.M. acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the >Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa> award for the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709). D.E.-A. acknowledges support from a CONACYT scholarship. D.-D. acknowledges PAPIIT UNAM support from grant IN113719