La valoración de las monarquías hasta Carlos V en una revista de la Segunda República Española: "Cruz y raya (1933-1936)"

Según su director, José Bergamín, la revista Cruz y Raya (1933-1936) fue fundada con el fin de dar apoyo a la causa republicana en España, rescatando los votos de los católicos, basándose en el hecho de que, aunque los católicos franceses eran mayoritamente republicanos, los católicos españoles eran mayoritariamente monárquicos. Siendo como era de talante liberal, Bergamín aceptó en su revista, los puntos de vista de algunos monárquicos, a la hora de evaluar los logros de los Reyes de España y de sus periodos históricos. En opinión de Bergamín, los reinados de la dinastía Borbónica fueron desastrosos para España, pero el propio Bergamín respeta a los que, desde el monarquismo, piensan lo contrario. Este dualismo está presente también en la misma Literatura Española.According to its director, José Bergamín, the review Cruz y Raya (1933-1936) was founded in order to support the Republican system in Spain, by rescuing the votes of the Catholics, based on the fact that, although the French Catholics were mostly Republicans, the Spanish Catholics were mostly Monarchists. Being a liberal, Bergamín accepted in his review, the points of view of some Monarchists, when evaluating the achievements of the Kings of Spain and their historical periods. In Bergamín’s assessment, the reigns of the Borbonic Dynasty were disastrous for Spain, but Bergamín himself is very respectful to those who, from their Monarchism, maintained the opposite. This dualism is present even in the Spanish Literature itself

La valoración de las dinastías de los Austrias y de los Borbones, y de sus épocas, en una revista de la Segunda República Española: Cruz y Raya (1933-1936). Segunda Parte

Como se concluye a partir de las notas de pie de página, los artículos fueron escritos para la revista Cruz y Raya por diferentes autores y en diferentes años, pero nuestro trabajo de investigación consiste en clasificarlos a todos, sin entrar en muchos detalles, según la época a la que se refieren. En este artículo se trata de los escritores que eran a la vez poetas, soldados y místicos, entre los cuales debemos incluir a Lope, Cervantes, y a tantos otros; precisamente, los Místicos son los que han dado su mayor esplendor tanto a la Lengua como a la Literatura Castellana, y los que tienen puntos de contacto tanto con los Poetas Metafísicos Ingleses como con la Poesía Católica Inglesa Contemporánea. El problema de los Países Bajos; el Concilio de Trento y los jesuitas españoles en su lucha contra los Reformadores Luteranos; el anti-clericalismo de Antonio Pérez, y el estilo «herreriano» de El Escorial deben ser asignados a Felipe II y su época. Por otra parte, la Inquisición, Calderón de la Barca como Capellán Real, y la Paz de Westfalia (1648) (que puso fin a la época y sistema de Cristiandad) deben ser relacionados con el reinado de Felipe IV. La muerte de Carlos II, en 1700, implicó la peor imagen de España, el ocaso del Imperio Español, que significó el incremento tanto de la novela picaresca, como de los predicadores interesados en la moral. Por último, el único destacado de todo el siglo XVIII es Reynoso; Bécquer, Donoso Cortés, Valera, Galdós y Menéndez Pelayo son las figuras más relevantes del siglo XIX; y la «Generación del 98» y la «Generación del 27» son rasgos distintivos de la Literatura Española del siglo XX. Acabada la Primera República en España, Cánovas, en 1874, promovió la re-instauración de la Dinastía Borbónica, que duró hasta 1931 con la renuncia del rey Alfonso XIII, hecho que dio paso a la Segunda República (1931-1936) (la época de nuestra revista Cruz y Raya (1933-1936). Dámaso Alonso que, en 1927, había tenido a Góngora como padre de la «Generación del 27», cambia de opinión en 1935, influenciado por Luis Cernuda, y propone a Bécquer en lugar de Góngora.As you can conclude from the foot-notes, the articles were written for the review «Cruz y Raya» by different authors and in different years, but this research paper of ours consists of assorting them all, in bulk, according to the epoch they are referred to. A list of people who used to be poets, warriors and mystics at the same time, among whom Lope, Cervantes and many others must be included; actually, it was the mystics who have given its greatest splendour both to the Spanish Language and Literature, and who have shown many points in common with the English Metaphysical Poets and with the Modern English Catholic Poetry; the problem of the Netherlands; the Catholic Council of Trento and the spanish Jesuits against the Lutheran Reformers; the anti-clericalism of Antonio Pérez, and the Herrerian style of «El Escorial» must be attached or alloted to Philip II, and his epoch. Meanwhile, the Inquisition, Calderón de la Barca as Royal Chaplain, and the Peace of Westfalia in 1648 (which put an end to the Christendom as a political system) must be related to Philip the Fourth´s reign. And the death of Charles II, in 1700, implied the worst image of Spain, the sunset of the Spanish Empire, which signified the increasing of both, Picaresque novels and Preachers who insisted on moral points. Finally, only Reynoso stands among those belonging to the XVIIIth century; Bécquer, Donoso Cortés, Valera, Galdós and Menéndez Pelayo are the most outstanding writers quoted in the XIXth. century; and the «Generación del 98» and the «Generación del 27» are very important features of the XXth. century Spanish Literature. Once extinguished the First Republic in Spain, Cánovas, in 1874, promoted the new restoration of the Borbonic Dynasty, which streched till 1931, when general elections in April, followed by the resignation of King Alphonso XIII, gave way to the Second Republic in Spain (1931-1936) (the epoch of our review «Cruz y Raya» (1933-1936). Dámaso Alonso who firstly, in 1927, had thought Góngora to be the father of the «Generación del 27», later on, in 1935, influenced by Luis Cernuda, changed his mind, accepting the parenthood of Bécquer instead

Modular Planar Antenna at X-band for satellite communications

An antenna which has been conceived as a portable system for satellite communications based on the recommendations ITU-R S.580-6 [1] and ITU-R S.465-5 [2] for small antennas, i.e., with a diameter lower than 50 wavelengths, is introduced. It is a planar and a compact structure with a size of 40×40×2 cm. The antenna is formed by an array of 256 printed elements covering a large bandwidth (14.7%) at X-Band. The specification includes transmission (Tx) and reception (Rx) bands simultaneously. The printed antenna has a radiation pattern with a 3dB beamwidth of 5°, over a 31dBi gain, and a dual and an interchangeable circular polarizatio

Portable low profile antenna at X-band

An antenna which has been conceived as a portable system for satellite communications based on the recommendations ITU-R S.580-6 and ITU-R S.465-5 for small antennas, i.e., with a diameter lower than 50 wavelengths, is introduced. It is a planar and a compact structure with a size of 40×40×2 cm. The antenna is formed by an array of 256 printed elements covering a large bandwidth (14.7%) at X-Band with a VSWR of 1.4:1. The specification includes transmission (Tx) and reception (Rx) bands simultaneously. The printed antenna has a radiation pattern with a 3dB beamwidth of 5°, over a 31dBi gain, and a dual and an interchangeable circular polarization

Principal Component Analysis of Results Obtained from Finite-Difference Time-Domain Algorithms

Finite-Differences Time-Domain (FDTD) algorithms are well established tools of computational electromagnetism. Because of their practical implementation as computer codes, they are affected by many numerical artefact and noise. In order to obtain better results we propose using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on multivariate statistical techniques. The PCA has been successfully used for the analysis of noise and spatial temporal structure in a sequence of images. It allows a straightforward discrimination between the numerical noise and the actual electromagnetic variables, and the quantitative estimation of their respective contributions. Besides, The GDTD results can be filtered to clean the effect of the noise. In this contribution we will show how the method can be applied to several FDTD simulations: the propagation of a pulse in vacuum, the analysis of two-dimensional photonic crystals. In this last case, PCA has revealed hidden electromagnetic structures related to actual modes of the photonic crystal

Correlation between Low Temperature Adaptation and Oxidative Stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Many factors, such as must composition, juice clarification, fermentation temperature, or inoculated yeast strain, strongly affect the alcoholic fermentation and aromatic profile of wine. As fermentation temperature is effectively controlled by the wine industry, low-temperature fermentation (10–15°C) is becoming more prevalent in order to produce white and “rosé” wines with more pronounced aromatic profiles. Elucidating the response to cold in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is of paramount importance for the selection or genetic improvement of wine strains. Previous research has shown the strong implication of oxidative stress response in adaptation to low temperature during the fermentation process. Here we aimed first to quantify the correlation between recovery after shock with different oxidants and cold, and then to detect the key genes involved in cold adaptation that belong to sulfur assimilation, peroxiredoxins, glutathione-glutaredoxins, and thioredoxins pathways. To do so, we analyzed the growth of knockouts from the EUROSCARF collection S. cerevisiae BY4743 strain at low and optimal temperatures. The growth rate of these knockouts, compared with the control, enabled us to identify the genes involved, which were also deleted and validated as key genes in the background of two commercial wine strains with a divergent phenotype in their low-temperature growth. We identified three genes, AHP1, MUP1, and URM1, whose deletion strongly impaired low-temperature growth.This work has been financially supported from the Spanish Government through MINECO and FEDER funds (AGL2013-47300-C3-3-R and PCIN-2015-143 grants) and from Generalitat Valenciana through PROMETEOII/2014/042 grant, awarded to JG. This study has been carried out in the context of the European Project ERA-IB “YeastTempTation” EG also thanks the Spanish government for an FPI grant BES-2011-044498.Peer reviewe

Tornillos expansivos: Un recurso en la artrodesis lumbosacra

En los últimos años han aparecido numerosos sistemas de fijación transpedicular que han hecho evolucionar a esta técnica. En 1991 se diseñó el sistema OMEGA 21 que permite la posibilidad de utilización de tornillos expansivos en artrodesis lumbosacra: un caso de fractura estallido, una fractura patológica en el seno de una columna osteoporótica, una cirugía de revisión en una fractura vertebral y un caso de desmontaje de un sistema de fijación transpedicular. En total fueron colocados 11 tornillos expansivos apareciendo la rotura de uno de ellos a los 15 meses. El tornillo expansivo permite la utilización de la fijación transpedicular en situaciones especiales, teniendo dos indicaciones precisas: casos con osteoporosis grave y cirugía de revisión.In recent years numerous pedicular fixation systems have appeared, revolutionizing the technique. In 1991, the OMEGA-21 system was designed to allow the use of expansive screws in lumbosacral arthrodesis: one burst fracture, one pathologic fracture in an osteoporotic spine, one revision surgery of a vertebral fracture and one disassembly of a pedicular fixation system. In total, 11 expansive screws were placed, one of them appearing broken 15 months after implantation. Expansive screws allows the use of pedicular fixation in special situations, having two precise indications: severe osteoporosis and revision surgery

Use of a new enrichment nanosorbent for speciation of mercury by FI-CV-ICP-MS

Mercury is one of the most toxic environmental pollutants and its effects on human and ecosystem health are well known. All mercury species are toxic, with organic mercury compounds generally being more toxic than inorganic species. Chromatography techniques (GC, HPLC) coupled to element specific detectors, are able to separate mercury species in order to elucidate mercury transformation and transport processes where the determination of all mercury species is desirable. However, in practice, especially in sampling campaigns for sea water analysis where a large number of samples are collected over a longer period of time, a combination of methods is usually applied to accurately determine the most toxic mercury species. These include non-chromatographic methods based on the different chemical and/or physical behavior of the mercury species. These non-chromatographic methods can be less time consuming, more cost effective and available, and present competitive limits of detection. Especially when mercury could vapor (CV) generation technique is employed, which reduces salt effect on the analytical signal and improve the sensibility. Among non-chromatographic methods, solid phase extraction and microextraction (SPE and SPME) which is becoming increasingly popular for sample preparation in organic analysis, found its way to speciation analysis of organometals. SPE/SPME is the most popular sample preconcentration method for its simplicity, high enrichment factor, low or no consumption of organic solvents and feasibly to be automated. On the other hand, the exploration of new materials, especially nanometer sized materials, as the support phase is another active research area in SPE/SPME for mercury determination. The use of nanoparticles leads to higher extraction capacity/efficiency and rapid dynamics of extraction originated from the higher surface area to volume ratio and short diffusion route. In this work, a new enrichment nanosorbent functionalized with 1,5 bis (2-pyridyl) methylene thiocarbohidrazide was synthesized and characterized. From the study of its adsorption capacity toward metal ions, Hg2+ was observed to be one of the most retained 173.1 µmol g-1 at pH 5. Thus, a flow injection solid phase extraction and cold vapor generation method for its determination and speciation based on the use of this new chelating nanosorbent was optimized. The method developed has showed to be useful for the automatic pre-concentration and sequential speciation of mercury and methylmercury in environmental and biological samples. The system was based on chelating retention of the analytes onto a mini-column filled with the new nanosorbent and their sequential elution by using two different eluents, 0.2 % HCl for CH3Hg+ and 0.1 % thiourea in 0.5 % HCl for Hg2+. The determination was performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Under the optimum conditions and 120 s preconcentration time, the enrichment factors were 4.7 and 11.0; the detection limits (3σ) were 0.002 and 0.004 µg L-1; the determination limits (10σ) were 0.011 and 0.024 µg L-1; and the precisions (calculated for 10 replicate determinations at a 2 µg L-1 standard of both species) were 2.8 and 2.6 % (RSD); for CH3Hg+ and Hg2+, respectively. Linear calibration graphs were obtained for both species from the determination limits to at least 70 µg L-1. For the quality control of the analytical performance and the validation of the newly developed method, the analysis of two certified samples, LGC 6016 estuarine water and SRM 2976 mussel tissue were addressed. The results showed good agreement with the certified values. The method was successfully applied to the speciation of mercury in sea-water samples collected in the Málaga Bay.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Printed antenna for satellite communications

2010 Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP