On the Krein–Milman Property and the Bade Property

AbstractThroughout this paper a study on the Krein–Milmam Property and the Bade Property is entailed reaching the following conclusions: If a real topological vector space satisfies the Krein–Milmam Property, then it is Hausdorff; if a real topological vector space satisfies the Krein–Milmam Property and is locally convex and metrizable, then all of its closed infinite dimensional vector subspaces have uncountable dimension; if a real pseudo-normed space has the Bade Property, then it is Hausdorff as well but could allow closed infinite dimensional vector subspaces with countable dimension. On other hand, we show the existence of infinite dimensional closed subspaces of ℓ∞ with the Bade Property that are not the space of convergence associated to any series in a real topological vector space. Finally, we characterize unconditionally convergent series in real Banach spaces by means of a new concept called uniform convergence of series

S wave velocity structure below central Mexico using high-resolution surface wave tomography

Shear wave velocity of the crust below central Mexico is estimated using surface wave dispersion measurements from regional earthquakes recorded on a dense, 500 km long linear seismic network. Vertical components of regional records from 90 well-located earthquakes were used to compute Rayleigh-wave group-velocity dispersion curves. A tomographic inversion, with high resolution in a zone close to the array, obtained for periods between 5 and 50 s reveals significant differences relative to a reference model, especially at larger periods (>30 s). A 2-D S wave velocity model is obtained from the inversion of local dispersion curves that were reconstructed from the tomographic solutions. The results show large differences, especially in the lower crust, among back-arc, volcanic arc, and fore-arc regions; they also show a well-resolved low-velocity zone just below the active part of the Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) suggesting the presence of a mantle wedge. Low densities in the back arc, inferred from the low shear wave velocities, can provide isostatic support for the TMVB

Evaluación de la sustentabilidad del turismo de salud en Michoacán, México

El presente análisis de vincula a la actividad del turismo de salud por medio del aprovechamiento de aguas termales en búsqueda de la sustentabilidad que comprende dicha actividad. Así por medio del Marco para la Evaluación de Sistemas de Manejo de recursos naturales incorporando Indicadores de Sustentabilidad (MESMIS) se evalúa la sustentabilidad de la actividad turística de forma ambiental, social y económica. Dicha información sirve para la toma de decisiones en beneficio de la calidad de vida de la población

Isolation of entomopathogenic nematodes and control of Phyllophaga vetula Horn in Oaxaca, Mexico

This study aimed to isolate native entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca and to determine their potential for control of white grub (Phyllophaga vetula Horn). Fifty-five (55) soil samples were collected in 13 communities in the period August to October 2008 and 29.1% of these were found positive for EPN. Five isolates were selected for their apparent pathogenicity to third instar Galleria mellonella; two of the genus Steinernema and three Heterorhabditis. After evaluating these five isolates for control of white grubs, the Heterorhabditidae EPN presented the lowest values for both lethal dosages and lethal times. Using  polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures, the species Heterorhabditis mexicana, Steinernema  carpocapsae and Steinernema feltiae were identified. We concluded that H. mexicana was the most effective isolate for control of P. vetula larvae.Key words: Entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema, Heterorhabditis, bioassays, lethal dosages

A multiple-trait analysis of ecohydrological acclimatisation in a dryland phreatophytic shrub

Water is the main limiting factor for groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) in drylands. Predicted climate change (precipitation reductions and temperature increases) and anthropogenic activities such as groundwater drawdown jeopardise the functioning of these ecosystems, presenting new challenges for their management. We developed a trait-based analysis to examine the spatiotemporal variability in the ecophysiology of Ziziphus lotus, a long-lived phreatophyte that dominates one of the few terrestrial GDEs of semiarid regions in Europe. We assessed morpho-functional traits and stem water potential along a naturally occurring gradient of depth-to-groundwater (DTGW, 2–25 m) in a coastal aquifer, and throughout the species-growing season. Increasing DTGW and salinity negatively affected photosynthetic and transpiration rates, increasing plant water stress (lower predawn and midday water potential), and positively affected Huber value (sapwood cross-sectional area per leaf area), reducing leaf area and likely, plant hydraulic demand. However, the species showed greater salt-tolerance at shallow depths. Despite groundwater characteristics, higher atmospheric evaporative demand in the study area, which occurred in summer, fostered higher transpiration rates and water stress, and promoted carbon assimilation and water loss more intensively at shallow water tables. This multiple-trait analysis allowed us to identify plant ecophysiological thresholds related to the increase in salinity, but mostly in DTGW (13 m), and in the evaporative demand during the growing season. These findings highlight the existence of tipping points in the functioning of a long-lived phreatophyte in drylands and can contribute to the sustainable management of GDEs in southern Europe, paving the way for further studies on phreatophytic species

Toward reliable population estimates of wolves by combining spatial capture-recapture models and non-invasive DNA monitoring

Decision-makers in wildlife policy require reliable population size estimates to justify interventions, to build acceptance and support in their decisions and, ultimately, to build trust in managing authorities. Traditional capture-recapture approaches present two main shortcomings, namely, the uncertainty in defining the effective sampling area, and the spatially-induced heterogeneity in encounter probabilities. These limitations are overcome using spatially explicit capture-recapture approaches (SCR). Using wolves as case study, and non-invasive DNA monitoring (faeces), we implemented a SCR with a Poisson observation model in a single survey to estimate wolf density and population size, and identify the locations of individual activity centres, in NW Iberia over 4,378 km. During the breeding period, posterior mean wolf density was 2.55 wolves/100 km (95%BCI = 1.87-3.51), and the posterior mean population size was 111.6 ± 18.8 wolves (95%BCI = 81.8-153.6). From simulation studies, addressing different scenarios of non-independence and spatial aggregation of individuals, we only found a slight underestimation in population size estimates, supporting the reliability of SCR for social species. The strategy used here (DNA monitoring combined with SCR) may be a cost-effective way to generate reliable population estimates for large carnivores at regional scales, especially for endangered species or populations under game management.J.V.L.B. was supported by a Ramon & Cajal research contract (RYC-2015-18932) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness. R.G. was supported by research contract (IF/00564/2012) from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). Tis work was partially supported by the project PTDC/BIA-EVF/2460/2014 (FCT).Peer Reviewe

Weak-antilocalization signatures in the magnetotransport properties of individual electrodeposited Bi Nanowires

We study the electrical resistivity of individual Bi nanowires of diameter 100 nm fabricated by electrodeposition using a four-probe method in the temperature range 5-300 K with magnetic fields up to 90 kOe. Low-resistance Ohmic contacts to individual Bi nanowires are achieved using a focused ion beam to deposit W-based nanocontacts. Magnetoresistance measurements show evidence for weak antilocalization at temperatures below 10 K, with a phase-breaking length of 100 nm