Efectos del sistema multifondos en el Régimen de Ahorro Individual en Colombia

RESUMEN:Con el fin de analizar los posibles efectos de una reforma financiera dirigida a flexibilizar la regulación de los Fondos de Pensiones en Colombia, estedocumento evalúa los potenciales efectos de esta reforma sobre el bienestar delos agentes, aplicando el supuesto de individuos con funciones de utilidad conaversión absoluta al riesgo constante (CARA) y la Teoría de Diversificación del Portafolio. Adicionalmente se presenta un ejercicio contrafactual para estimar el valor del activo pensional si los principios de esta legislación hubiesen sido aplicados en el periodo 1980-2009. Los resultados del análisis teórico sugieren que ante un mayor valor acumulado en las cuentas de pensión, los individuos disminuyen su exposición ante el riesgo en sus portafolios. Mientras que el ejercicio contrafactual indica que la mejor decisión para los individuos habría sido invertir todo el portafolio en activos de renta variable.ABSTRACT:In order to analyze the potencial effects of a financial reform aimed to provide more flexibility to Colombian Pension Funds´ regulation, this documenttheoretically evaluates the effects of this reform over agents´ welfare, by applying the Constant Absolute Risk Aversion (CARA) assumption and Modern Portfolio (Diversification) Theory. An empirical counterfactual exercise is used to estimate the value of pension personal account´s on the case that the foundations of this financial reform happen to be present between 1980 and 2009. Theoretical analysis suggests that individuals decrease their risk exposition according to an increase in the accumulated value in their personalaccounts. In contrast, counterfactual´s exercise conclusion is that the bestchoice for individuals would have been to invest the whole portfolio in variable rent assets.Sistema de pensiones, sistema multifondos, Teoríaa de Diversificación del portafolio, función de utilidad CARA.

Estructurar e implementar la norma ISO 9002/94 en la empresa vigilancia acosta Ltda.

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Diseño de un robot prototipo de uso domestico para limpieza y brillo de pisos en ceramica o madera

La automatización en cada área de la vida se ha convertido más que en un lujo en una necesidad, tanto así que actualmente se desarrollan maquinaria autónoma para diversas tareas, desde la más compleja en el ámbito industrial, hasta la más sencilla para un ambiente domestico. Una maquina que pueda desenvolverse en el hogar de manera autónoma y prestar ayuda con las tareas cotidianas, se hace útil en esta época donde la mayoría de la población consume su tiempo en largas jornadas laborales, educativas, tiempo de estudio y desarrollo de plan de vida; Así mismo, este tipo de instrumento se hace indispensable para aquellas personas que presentan algún tipo de discapacidad o limitación, la cual, les impide desarrollar labores de limpieza en su lugar de residencia. Siendo así, la automatización de tareas domesticas, presenta numerosas ventajas para la población, tanto para la higiene del hogar como de oficinas, despachos públicos, o cualquier clase de habitación

Towards Certification-aware Fault Injection Methodologies Using Virtual Prototypes

© 2015 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.Safety-critical applications are required today to meet more and more stringent standards than ever. In the need of reducing the costs associated with the certification step, early robustness evaluation can provide valuable information, as long as it is fast and accurate enough. Microarchitectural simulators have been employed for testing reliability properties in several domains in the past, but their use in the process of robustness verification of safety critical systems has not been validated yet, as opposed to RTL or gate-level simulations. In the present work, we propose a methodology to improve the accuracy of faultinjection results when targeting robustness verification, by using microarchitectural simulators and virtual prototypes for an early estimation of deviations with respect to the certification standards.The research leading to these results has received funding from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Spain under contract TIN2012-34557 and HiPEAC. Likewise, Jaume Abella is partially supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under Ramon y Cajal postdoctoral fellowship number RYC-2013-14717.Espinosa García, J.; Andrés Martínez, DD.; Ruiz García, JC.; Hernández Luz, C.; Abella, J. (2015). Towards Certification-aware Fault Injection Methodologies Using Virtual Prototypes. IEEE Conference Publications. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/65831

A VCO-based CMOS readout circuit for capacitive MEMS microphones

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) microphone sensors have significantly improved in the past years, while the readout electronic is mainly implemented using switched-capacitor technology. The development of new battery powered 'always-on” applications increasingly requires a low power consumption. In this paper, we show a new readout circuit approach which is based on a mostly digital Sigma Delta (SigmaDelta) analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The operating principle of the readout circuit consists of coupling the MEMS sensor to an impedance converter that modulates the frequency of a stacked-ring oscillator—a new voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) circuit featuring a good trade-off between phase noise and power consumption. The frequency coded signal is then sampled and converted into a noise-shaped digital sequence by a time-to-digital converter (TDC). A time-efficient design methodology has been used to optimize the sensitivity of the oscillator combined with the phase noise induced by 1/𝑓 and thermal noise. The circuit has been prototyped in a 130 nm CMOS process and directly bonded to a standard MEMS microphone. The proposed VCO-based analog-to-digital converter (VCO-ADC) has been characterized electrically and acoustically. The peak signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) obtained from measurements is 77.9 dB-A and the dynamic range (DR) is 100 dB-A. The current consumption is 750 muA at 1.8 V and the effective area is 0.12 mm2. This new readout circuit may represent an enabling advance for low-cost digital MEMS microphones.This research was funded by project TEC2017-82653-R of CICYT, Spain

Analysis and RTL Correlation of Instruction Set Simulators for Automotive Microcontroller Robustness Verification

© ACM 2015 This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive Version of Record was published in ACM, In Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Design Automation Conference (p. 40). http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2744769.2744798.Increasingly complex microcontroller designs for safety-relevant automotive systems require the adoption of new methods and tools to enable a cost-effective verification of their robustness. In particular, costs associated to the certification against the IS026262 safety standard must be kept low for economical reasons. In this context, simulation-based verification using instruction set simulators (ISS) arises as a promising approach to partially cope with the increasing cost of the verification process as it allows taking design decisions in early design stages when modifications can be performed quickly and with low cost. However, it remains to be proven that verification in those stages provides accurate enough information to be used in the context of automotive microcontrollers. In this paper we analyze the existing correlation between fault injection experiments in an RTL microcontroller description and the information available at the ISS to enable accurate ISS-based fault injection.The research leading to these results has received funding from the ARTEMIS Joint Undertaking VeTeSS project under grant agreement number 295311. This work has also been funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Spain under contract TIN2012-34557 and HiPEAC. Jaume Abella is partially supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under Ramon y Cajal postdoctoral fellowship number RYC-2013-14717.Espinosa García, J.; Hernández Luz, C.; Abella, J.; Andrés Martínez, DD.; Ruiz García, JC. (2015). Analysis and RTL Correlation of Instruction Set Simulators for Automotive Microcontroller Robustness Verification. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2744769.2744798SARTEMIS Joint Undertaking.VeTeSS project:www.vetess.eu.J.-C. Baraza, et al. Enhancement of fault injection techniques based on the modification of vhdl code.IEEE Transactions on VLSI, 16(6):693--706, June 2008.Alfredo Benso et al.Fault Injection Techniques and Tools for Embedded Systems Reliability Evaluation.Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.D. Borodin et al. Protective redundancy overhead reduction using instruction vulnerability factor. InCF, 2010.R. N. Charette. This car runs on code. InIEEE Spectrum online, 2009.Pedro Gil, et al. Fault representativeness. Technical report, DBench project, IST 2000-25425 [Online]. Available: http://www.laas.fr/DBench, 2002.C. Hernandez et al. Live: Timely error detection in light-lockstep safety critical systems. InDAC, 2014.Infineon. AURIX - TriCore datasheet. highly integrated and performance optimized 32-bit microcontrollers for automotive and industrial applications, 2012. http://www.infineon.com/.International Organization for Standardization.ISO/DIS 26262. Road Vehicles--Functional Safety, 2009.E. Jenn, et al. Fault injection into VHDL models: the mefisto tool. InFTCS, 1994.G. Leen et al. Expanding automotive electronic systems.IEEE Computer, 35(1), 2002.Man-Lap Li, et al. Accurate microarchitecture-level fault modeling for studying hardware faults. InHPCA, 2009.Michail Maniatakos, et al. Instruction-level impact analysis of low-level faults in a modern microprocessor controller.IEEE Transactions on Computers, 60(9):1260--1273, 2011.S. S. Mukherjee, et al. A systematic methodology to compute the architectural vulnerability factors for a high-performance microprocessor. InMICRO, 2003.J.-H. Oetjens, et al. Safety evaluation of automotive electronics using virtual prototypes: State of the art and research challenges. InDAC, 2014.J. Poovey.Characterization of the EEMBC Benchmark Suite.North Carolina State University, 2007.M. Psarakis, et al. Microprocessor software-based self-testing.Design Test of Computers, IEEE, 27(3):4--19, May 2010.S. Rehman, et al. Reliable software for unreliable hardware: Embedded code generation aiming at reliability. InCODES+ISSS, 2011.S. Rohr, et al. An integrated approach to automotive safety systems.SAE Automotive Engineering International magazine, September 2000.B. Sangchoolie, et al. A study of the impact of bit-flip errors on programs compiled with different optimization levels. InEDCC, 2014.STMicroelectronics.32-bit Power Architecture microcontroller for automotive SIL3/ASILD chassis and safety applications, 2014.http://www.gaisler.com/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=53.Leon3 Processor.Areroflex Gaisler

Non‐invasive monitoring of tomato graft dynamics using thermography and fluorescence quantum yields measurements

[EN] Grafting involves a sequence of modifications that may vary according to genotypes, grafting techniques and growing conditions. This process is often monitored using destructive methods, precluding the possibility of monitoring the entire process in the same grafted plant. The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of two non-invasive methods—thermographic inference of transpiration and determination of chlorophyll quantum yields—for monitoring graft dynamics in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) autografts and to compare the results with other reliable measures: mechanical resistance parameters and xylem water potential. The mechanical resistance of grafted plants steadily increased from 6 days after grafting (DAG), 4.90 ± 0.57 N/mm, to reach values similar to non-grafted plants at 16 DAG, 8.40 ± 1.78 N/mm. Water potential showed an early decrease (from −0.34 ± 0.16 MPa in non-grafted plants to −0.88 ± 0.07 MPa at 2 DAG), recovering at 4 DAG to reach pre-grafting values at 12–16 DAG. Thermographic inference of transpiration dynamics displayed comparable changes. Monitoring maximum and effective quantum yield in functional grafts showed a comparable pattern: an initial decline, followed by recovery from 6 DAG onwards. Correlation analyses revealed a significant correlation between variation in temperature (thermographic monitoring of transpiration), water potential (r = 0.87; p = 0.02) and maximum tensile force (r = 0.75; p = 0.05). Additionally, we found a significant correlation between maximum quantum yield and some mechanical parameters. In conclusion, thermography monitoring, and to a lesser extent maximum quantum yield measurements, accurately depict changes in key parameters in grafted plants and serve as potential timing indicators of graft regeneration, rendering them valuable tools for monitoring graft functionalitySIPublicación en abierto financiada por el Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias de Castilla y León (BUCLE), con cargo al Programa Operativo 2014ES16RFOP009 FEDER 2014-2020 DE CASTILLA Y LEÓN, Actuación:20007-CL - Apoyo Consorcio BUCL

Perception analysis of the population respect to the creation of the Peasant Reserve Zone in Sumapaz area

El presente documento tiene como propósito identificar la percepción de la población frente a la posible implementación de la Zona de Reserva campesina en la Localidad 20 de Sumapaz a través de la aplicación de instrumentos de investigación, tales como encuestas, entrevistas y un taller de cartografía social, y el análisis de información secundaría relacionada con el área de estudio. El rastreo y sistematización de la información permitió la generación de elementos críticos para analizar los trasfondos de la percepción ambiental, social y económica, en diferentes escenarios temporales, con respecto a la conformación de una zona de reserva campesina en la localidad de Sumapaz.The purpose of the present document is to identify the perception of a population respect to the possible implementation of a peasant reserve zone, located at the 20th locality (locality of Sumapaz) through the application of research tools such as surveys, interviews and social mapping workshop and the analysis of secondary information related to the study area. Tracking and systematization of information allowed the generation of critical elements to analyze the backgrounds of environmental, social and economic perception, at different time scenarios regarding the formation of a peasant reserve zone in the locality of Sumapaz

Formation of stimuli-responsive cyclophanes by self-assembly: the case of carbazole-based biradicals

Dynamic covalent bonds has recently received lot of attention because of their unique feature to become reversible under mild conditions.[1] In this context, π-conjugated biradical compounds has emerged as essential building blocks.[2] For instance, we have demonstrated that 2,7-dicyanomethylene-9-(2-ethylhexyl)carbazole biradical reversibly converts to a macrocycle cyclophane upon soft stimuli (temperature, pressure, light), showing strong chromic effects.[3] We now extent this study towards longer conjugated carbazole backbone (i.e., indolocarbazole shown in Figure 1), aiming at investigating how the elongation of the conjugated backbone impacts on the formation of stimuli-responsive cyclophanes. The self-assembly process is investigated both in solution and solid state by linking theory and experiments.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech