Nutritional and Growth Effect of Insect Meal Inclusion on Seabass (Dicentrarchuss labrax) Feeds

This work studies the effect of high-level fish meal replacement with insect meal: YW meal (obtained from Tenebrio larvae fed a broiler diet), BSF meal (from hermetia larvae fed broilers diet), BSFm meal (obtained from hermetia larvae fed discard fish) on growth performance nutritive indices and in vitro digestibility of Dicentrarchus labrax juvenile. Three different insect meals were used: BSF meal from hermetia larvae fed broilers diet; BSF improve (BSFm) obtained from hermetia larvae fed discarded fish; YW meal obtained from the larvae of Tenebrio fed a broiler diet. Five diets were used, a control (C) diet and four experimental diets by replacing fishmeal with insect meal from BSF at 30% and 50% (BSF30 and BSF50) substitutions, BSFm at 50% substitution (BSF50 m) and YM at 50% substitution (YW50). Nutritional and growth indices worsened by including insect meal, especially for hermetia meal at 50% substitution, BSF50 and BSF50 m. The internal organs’ weight reflected the growth of the fish fed each experimental diet. No differences were found in fillet composition. Nevertheless, under our experimental condition, YW replacement obtained better results than both BSF diets

Effect on Intermediary Metabolism and Digestive Parameters of the High Substitution of Fishmeal with Insect Meal in Sparus aurata Feed

The depletion of traditional protein sources and the impact this causes on the production costs of aquaculture feed make it necessary to find alternative materials that allow for the sustainability of production. Among various proposals, insects have drawn scholarly attention because of their high protein content and the efficiency of their production, both from an environmental and an economic perspective. However, nutritional changes in fish diets require further clarification regarding the effect of this new ingredient in fish performance and physiology. In this study, we evaluated the use of two insect meal species, Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor, for the partial replacement of fishmeal, as well as their influence on growth indices and the gut microbiome. Although the results showed a worsening of biometric parameters and a modification of the microbial community, the impact was different depending on the insect species and their rearing conditions. Thus, specific studies for each case are recommended.Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor were tested on account of their potential to replace fish protein in feed. Two levels of replacement for H. illucens, 30% and 50% (H30 and H50), and one for T. molitor, 50% (T50), as well as an additional diet with a modified fatty acid fraction (H50M), were investigated in relation to juvenile Sparus aurata growth indices, enzyme activities and gut microbiome. A T50 diet showed similar results to a control (C) diet, with no significant differences regarding morphological indices and minor differences for nutritional indices. Regarding the gut microbiome, H50M was the diet which showed the more similar prokaryotic community to C, which suggests that fatty acid fractions might influence the composition of the gut microbiome. Nevertheless, differences appeared to be related to a redistribution of dominant species, while changes in species affiliation were limited to minoritary species. The positive correlation between some of these minoritary species (Peptostreptococcus russellii, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Weisella confusa) and several fish growth parameters might explain differences between control and insect diets. Deciphering such uncertainty and revealing the potential role these unusual species may play on fish performance should be addressed in future investigations.INIA (Spanish Agricultural and Agro-Food Research Institute)Project RTA 2015-00021-C03-02 and FEDER fundsEuropean Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) and Consejeria de Agricultura, Pesca y Desarrollo Rural, OPP71

Fishmeal Dietary Replacement Up to 50%: A Comparative Study of Two Insect Meals for Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This research was funded by ‘Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria’, cofunded by European Regional Development Fund, grant number RTA 2015-00021-C03. The ‘Agencia Estatal de Investigación-Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación’ supports the PhD contract of F.M., grant number BES2017-080567, cofunded by European Social Funds.The demand of optimal protein for human consumption is growing. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has highlighted aquaculture as one of themost promising alternatives for this protein supply gap due to the high efficiency of fish growth. However, aquaculture has been facing its own sustainability problem, because its high demand for protein has been traditionally satisfiedwith the use of fishmeal (FM) as themain source. Some of themost promising and sustainable protein substitutes for FM come frominsects. The presentmanuscript provides insight into an experiment carried out on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)with a 50%replacement of FMwith different larvae insectmeals: Hermetia illucens (HI), and Tenebrio molitor (TM). TMshowed better results for growth, protein utilization andmore active digestive function, supported by intestinal histological changes. Liver histology and intermediarymetabolismdid not showrelevant changes between insectmeals,while other parameters such as antioxidant enzyme activities and tissue damage indicators showed the potential of insectmeals as functional ingredients.‘Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria’ European Regional Development Fund RTA 2015-00021-C03Agencia Estatal de Investigación-Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación BES2017-080567 European Social Fund

Pre-Treatment of Fish By-Products to Optimize Feeding of Tenebrio molitor L. Larvae

Fish discards are organic waste with high and good-quality protein levels, as well as a fatty acid profile rich in n−3 LCPUFAs, mainly eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. These discards can be used as food for Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus, 1758) larvae, thus increasing the nutritional value of this insect. This study focused on increasing larval acceptance of fish through different pre-treatments of the diets provided, as well as increasing the accumulation of EPA and DHA in fish-fed larvae. Four different diets were prepared: control (broiler feed), DGF50: 50% dried ground fish (Pagellus bogaraveo, Brünnich, 1768) + 50% broiler feed, for different periods, FGF100: 100% fresh ground P. bogaraveo and DUF100: 100% dried whole unground P. bogaraveo. Growth, mortality, proximate composition, fatty acid profile and lipid nutritional indices were determined. Larvae fed with FGF100 displayed better results among treatments, doubling the initial weight, as well as increasing their protein level and decreasing fat levels. Regarding fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were only detected in larvae fed with a fish-based diet for a period longer than 5 days. These results show that pre-treatment of fish-based diets causes changes in the growth and compositional parameters of T. molitor larvae

In Vitro Crude Protein Digestibility of Insects: A Review

The high protein content of insects has been widely studied. They can be a good food alternative, and therefore it is important to study the effect of digestion on their protein. This review examines the different in vitro protein digestibility methodologies used in the study of different edible insects in articles published up to 2021. The most important variables to be taken into account in in vitro hydrolysis are the following: phases (oral, gastric and intestinal), enzymes, incubation time and temperature, method of quantification of protein hydrolysis and sample preprocessing. Insects have high digestibility data, which can increase or decrease depending on the processing of the insect prior to digestion, so it is important to investigate which processing methods improve digestibility. The most commonly used methods are gut extraction, different methods of slaughtering (freezing or blanching), obtaining protein isolates, defatting, thermal processing (drying or cooking) and extrusion. Some limitations have been encountered in discussing the results due to the diversity of methodologies used for digestion and digestibility calculation. In addition, articles evaluating the effect of insect processing are very limited. It is concluded that there is a need for the standardisation of in vitro hydrolysis protocols and their quantification to facilitate comparisons in future research

Effect of Replacing Fishmeal with Plukenetia volubilis Cake on Growth, Digestive Enzymes, and Body Composition in Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

A feeding trial was carried out on a shrimp farm located in the Santa Rosa province of El Oro, Ecuador, with four isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets, designed with increasing levels of substitution of fish meal by P. voluvilis, (D-0), 15% (D-15), 25% (D-25), and 50% (D-50). The obtained results indicated that the 50% replacement with P. volubilis in practical diets had no noticeable negative effects on the growth performance of L. vanameii juveniles. The total weight of shrimps fed with 25% and 50% diets (16.04 g and 16.72 g, respectively) and the abdomen weight (10.32 g) of shrimps fed with the D-50 diet were high, with significant differences regarding those fed with the D-0 diet. No adverse effects on muscle composition were found. Significant differences were observed only in groups D-25 (for chymotrypsin) and D-50 (chymotrypsin and alkaline protease). Trypsin and amylase activity was not affected by the inclusion of P. volubilis. The results of this experiment indicated that P. volubilis cake is a possible alternative to fish meal in shrimp feeding; however, it should be studied in more depth to establish the maximum replacement percentage and to identify the adequate treatments to eliminate antinutritional factors

Anales de Edafología y Agrobiología Tomo 41 Número 5-6

Suelos. Investigación del Departamento de Edafología (1961-1982), por M. L. Palomar García Villamil, J. González Parra, A. M. Moreno García, M. l. Hernando Massanet, J. Hernando Costa, M. C. Fernández Bermejo, J. A. Egido Rodríguez, C. González Huecos y A. López Lafuente.-- Procesos de alteración, génesis y estabilidad mineral de suelos volcánicos, por Sanz, J., Martín de Vidales, J. L., Casas, J. y Guerra Delgado, A.-- Ciclo biogeoquímico de los cationes y humificación, por Francisco Velasco de Pedro.-- Los suelos salinos de San Felipe de Neri, por R. Ortiz Silla y E. Caselles Vegara.--Tipología y erosión de los suelos en un área representativa, por l. Sastre, R. Jiménez, F. D. Pineda y F. G. Bernaldez.-- Silicatos. Longitudes y ángulos de enlace en silicatos, por Enrique Gutiérrez Ríos.-- Retención de dimetoato por bentonitas homoiónicas, por A. García Rodríguez, E. J. López Garzón, J. de D. López González y C. Valenzuela Calahorro.-- Estudio de la cinética de la reacción del oxalato amónico, por A. González Batista, J. García Hernández, J. Hernández Moreno y E. Fernández Caldas.-- Fertilidad de suelos. Efecto de la reacción NH4/ N0-3 sobre el maíz, por Hernando, V., Pardo, M. T. y López-Fando, C. --Extracción química y biológica del hierro, por L. Romero, E. Barahona y A. AguiJar 935 Aplicación de los polinomios ortogonales a fertilización nitrogenada, por Jimeno Martín L.—Nutrición y Fisiología Vegetal.-- Factores nutricionales en la floración y fructificación del olivar, por F. González García y L. Catalina.-- Pretratamientos con diferentes sales de hierro en la germinación de semillas, por María R. de Felipe y A. Vivó.-- Aspectos ecofisiológicos de la producción de grano. 1., por L. F. García del Moral, J. M. Ramos, L. Recalde-Manrique y L. Recalde Martínez.-- Efecto del boro sobre guisante y pimiento, por R. M. Salinas, A., A. Cerdá y F. G. Hernández.-- Estudio de la nutrición del almendro, por José Tomás Soria, Serafín Jaime Palacios y Eduardo Esteban Velasco.-- Efecto de los ácidos húmicos sobre el crecimiento radicular, por C. Ortega, M. C. Ortega y C. Fortun.-- Evolución de la tracción orgánica y mineral de un pastizal, por Barroso, M., Hernández, J. M., Murillo, J. M. y Chaves, M.-- Influencia de diferentes niveles de potasio y de la luz, por María Pilar Sánchez Conde.-- Microbiología. Ultraestructuras unusuales en un potyvirus de tabaco, por M. Rubio Huertos, R. Moreno San Martín y María Luz Ferrero.-- Nutrición Animal. Fracción fibrosa en la alimentación de los rumiantes, por J. Boza, E. Malina, J. E. Guerrero y J. F. Aguilera.—Trabajos Recapitulativos. Revisión bibliográfica de métodos de extracción de fósforo, por el Grupo de trabajo de normalización de métodos analíticos.-- Posibilidades de la ingeniería genética a la agricultura, por J. Olivares.-- El efecto hojarasca: una revisión, por González, M. l. M. y Gallardo, J. F.-- Físico-química y microbiológicos del compostaje basuras orgánicas, por R. Nogales, F. Gallardo-Lora y M. DelgadoPeer reviewe

Search for nuclear modifications of B+^+ meson production in pPb collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 8.16 TeV

International audienceNuclear medium effects on B$^+$ meson production are studied using the binary-collision scaled cross section ratio between events of different multiplicities from proton-lead collisions. Data, collected by the CMS experiment in 2016 at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 8.16 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 175 nb$^{-1}$, were used. The scaling factors in the ratio are determined using a novel approach based on the Z $\to$$\mu^+\mu^-$ cross sections measured in the same events. The scaled ratio for B$^+$ is consistent with unity for all event multiplicities, putting stringent constraints on nuclear modification for heavy flavor

Search for nuclear modifications of B+^+ meson production in pPb collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 8.16 TeV

International audienceNuclear medium effects on B$^+$ meson production are studied using the binary-collision scaled cross section ratio between events of different multiplicities from proton-lead collisions. Data, collected by the CMS experiment in 2016 at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 8.16 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 175 nb$^{-1}$, were used. The scaling factors in the ratio are determined using a novel approach based on the Z $\to$$\mu^+\mu^-$ cross sections measured in the same events. The scaled ratio for B$^+$ is consistent with unity for all event multiplicities, putting stringent constraints on nuclear modification for heavy flavor

Search for nuclear modifications of B+^+ meson production in pPb collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 8.16 TeV

International audienceNuclear medium effects on B$^+$ meson production are studied using the binary-collision scaled cross section ratio between events of different multiplicities from proton-lead collisions. Data, collected by the CMS experiment in 2016 at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 8.16 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 175 nb$^{-1}$, were used. The scaling factors in the ratio are determined using a novel approach based on the Z $\to$$\mu^+\mu^-$ cross sections measured in the same events. The scaled ratio for B$^+$ is consistent with unity for all event multiplicities, putting stringent constraints on nuclear modification for heavy flavor