Las funciones universitarias como fundamento para generar competencias orientadas hacia la codificación del conocimiento agrícola local

El estudio tuvo como objetivo precisar las relaciones de consistencia entre el conocimiento popular agrícola y el sistema de conocimiento académico, como fundamento para certificar los sistemas de conocimiento local en el marco de los procesos de desarrollo territorial. Se diseña un modelo teórico donde se establecen los mecanismos para la certificación de los sistemas de conocimiento local, a través del desarrollo inte-grado de las funciones de extensión, investigación y docencia universitaria, las cuales constituyen el fun-damento para la implementación de un currículo universitario basado en competencias. El estudio se desarrolló considerando los lineamientos del enfoque racionalista de tipo crítico realista, ubicándose en la fase de desarrollo investigativo de carácter explicativo del modelo de Variabilidad de la Investigación Cien-tífica (VIC). Los hallazgos de la investigación dan cuenta que los sistemas de factores configurados en el modelo diseñado en la investigación presentan altos niveles de consistencia para la certificación de los sistemas de conocimiento agrícolas a través del currículo universitario

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs

Estrategias de gestión para la capitalización del conocimiento en el contexto de la relación universidad. Sector productivo

La sociedad del conocimiento representa la etapa más avanzada del proceso de transformaciones significativas impulsadas por la globalización en las últimas décadas del siglo XX y, en conjunto con la mundialización de la economía, de los mercados, la globalización de los negocios y de la política configura el nuevo entorno económico del siglo XXI. De allí, que los países para insertarse eficientemente en este contexto y elevar la competitividad empresarial han comenzado a impulsar y fomentar relaciones entre las instituciones de educación superior y el sector productivo, comprendiendo así el papel fundamental que juegan actualmente el conocimiento, la ciencia y la tecnología en la transformación socioeconómica de un país. En este artículo se destaca la importancia de capitalizar el conocimiento científico y técnico en el contexto de la relación universidad - sector productivo y en tal sentido, se proponen algunas estrategias de gestión que sirven de fundamento para la conversión del conocimiento en capital intelectual

Territorios rurales inteligentes: lineamientos para el replanteamiento curricular en desarrollo territorial

Development studies have evolved in the course of history. An example of this is the transformations experienced by societies and specifically by rural territories, which have themselves faced the need of adopting structural changes generated by the globalization process. In this scenario, at the rural level intelligent territories have begun to be built, which –based on knowledge production, human resource training, and the construction of cooperation networks– have promoted the transformation and diversification of its productive, organizational, social, institutional, cultural and environmental structure. This article aims to analyze the main theoretical foundations that underpin the construction of smart territories at the rural level. The methodology was based on the review of specialized literature regarding development, territory, rurality, and innovation and knowledge as researching lines. The main findings show that smart territories are the result of the construction of cooperation networks for the production, transfer, and application of knowledge, as well as investment in education and training of human resources. Such aspects underline the role of higher education institutions in aspects such as competent professional training and in the production of relevant knowledge, as well as in leading the cooperation process for territorial development. Thus, it is necessary a curricular rethinking of the university programs associated with rural territorial development, so that extension begins to be conceived as a function-oriented towards the creation of institutional networks that support the production of the knowledge required to promote territorial rural development, as well as the professional training in such field.Les études de développement ont évolué avec le temps. Un exemple en est les transformations vécues par les sociétés et plus particulièrement par les territoires ruraux, qui se sont trouvés confrontés à la nécessité de faire face aux changements structurels engendrés par le processus de mondialisation. Dans ce scénario, au niveau rural, ils ont commencé à construire des territoires intelligents qui, basés sur la production de connaissances, la formation des ressources humaines et la construction de réseaux de coopération, ont favorisé la transformation et la diversification de leur structure productive, organisationnelle, sociale, institutionnelle, culturelle et environnementale. Cette étude vise à analyser les fondements théoriques qui soutiennent la construction de territoires intelligents au niveau rural. La méthodologie utilisée est basée sur la revue de la littérature spécialisée dans les axes de recherche en développement, territoire, ruralité et innovation et connaissance. Les principaux résultats montrent que les territoires intelligents sont le résultat de la construction de réseaux de coopération pour la production, le transfert et l'application des connaissances, ainsi que des investissements dans l'éducation et la formation des ressources humaines. Ces aspects soulignent le rôle des établissements d'enseignement supérieur dans la formation professionnelle compétente et dans la production de connaissances pertinentes, ainsi que dans la conduite du processus de coopération pour le développement territorial. Cela montre la nécessité de repenser les curricula des programmes universitaires associés au développement territorial rural, de sorte que l'extension commence à être conçue comme une fonction orientée vers la formation de réseaux institutionnels qui fondent la production des connaissances nécessaires pour promouvoir le développement rural et la formation territoriale et professionnelle dans ce domaine.Os estudos sobre desenvolvimento evoluíram no devenir da história. Exemplo disso são as transformações experimentadas pelas sociedades e, concretamente, pelos territórios rurais, que se viram diante da necessidade de enfrentar as mudanças estruturais geradas a partir do processo de globalização. Diante desse cenário, em nível rural começam a surgir territórios inteligentes, os quais, sobre a base da produção do conhecimento, capacitação dos recursos humanos e construção de redes de cooperação, impulsionam a transformação e diversificação de sua estrutura produtiva, organizacional, social, institucional, cultural e ambiental. Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar os fundamentos teóricos que sustentam a criação de territórios inteligentes em nível rural. A metodologia empregada se apoia na revisão da literatura especializada nas linhas de investigação em desenvolvimento, território, ruralidade, inovação e conhecimento. Os principais achados dão conta de que os territórios inteligentes são o resultado da construção de redes de cooperação para a produção, da transferência e aplicação do conhecimento, assim como dos investimentos na formação e capacitação dos recursos humanos. Tais aspectos sublinham o papel assumido pelas instituições de ensino superior numa formação profissional competente e na produção de conhecimento pertinente, assim como no sentido de liderar o processo de cooperação para o desenvolvimento territorial. Isso evidencia a necessidade de um reposicionamento curricular dos programas universitários associados com o desenvolvimento territorial rural, de forma a que a extensão venha a ser concebida como uma função orientada à conformação de redes institucionais que fundamentem a produção de conhecimento requerido para impulsionar o desenvolvimento territorial rural e a formação profissional nesse campo.Los estudios sobre el desarrollo han evolucionado en el devenir de la historia. Ejemplo de ello son las transformaciones experimentadas por las sociedades y concretamente por los territorios rurales, que se han encontrado ante la necesidad de enfrentar los cambios estructurales generados por el proceso de globalización. En este escenario, al nivel rural se han comenzado a construir territorios inteligentes, los cuales sobre la base de la producción de conocimiento, la capacitación de los recursos humanos y la construcción de redes de cooperación han impulsado la transformación y diversificación de su estructura productiva, organizativa, social, institucional, cultural y ambiental. Este estudio tiene por objetivo analizar los fundamentos teóricos que sustentan la construcción de territorios inteligentes al nivel rural. La metodología empleada se fundamentó en la revisión de literatura especializada en las líneas de investigación en desarrollo, territorio, ruralidad e innovación y conocimiento. Los principales hallazgos dan cuenta que los territorios inteligentes son el resultado de la construcción de redes de cooperación para la producción, transferencia y aplicación del conocimiento, así como de la inversión en la formación y capacitación del recurso humano. Tales aspectos subrayan el papel que tienen las instituciones de educación superior en la formación profesional competente y en la producción de conocimiento pertinente, así como para liderar el proceso de cooperación para el desarrollo territorial. Ello evidencia la necesidad de un replanteamiento curricular de los programas universitarios asociados con el desarrollo territorial rural, de manera que la extensión se comience a concebir como una función orientada hacia la conformación de redes institucionales que fundamenten la producción del conocimiento requerido para impulsar el desarrollo rural territorial y la formación profesional en este campo

El sistema alimentario y el desarrollo territorial rural. Posibilidades en la Venezuela actual

[email protected]@ula.v

University functions as the basis for generating skills oriented to codifying local agricultural knowledge

This article aims to establish links between local (popular) agriculture knowledge and academic knowledge in order to codifying a local know how, in a territorial development process framework. A theoretical model, in which the mechanisms for certification of local knowledge systems was set, through the development of extension, research and teaching functions of a new university curriculum. It was based on competencies approach. The research project considered central rationalist guidelines of critical realistic approach, corresponding to a stage of the explanatory nature proposed in the so-called Variability of Scientific Research (VIC) model. Main findings show that factor’ systems in the model have high levels of consistency with certifying agricultural education systems along the undergraduate curriculum

El papel de las redes de cooperación en la gestión del conocimiento para el desarrollo territorial rural en Latinoamérica

Within the framework of sustainable development, some rural territories have achieved competitive advantages from the application of the rural territorial development approach, finding in the formation of cooperation networks for the generation, exchange and application of knowledge the basis for the production of innovations. This aspect has allowed the use of resources, the diversification of the productive fabric, the training of human resources, the strengthening of relations between the different actors of society, the solution of problems and the undertaking of collective projects. This study analyzes the theoretical foundations that support the construction of cooperation networks as a basis for rural territorial development. Methodologically, a documentary review was carried out in the lines of research on rural territorial development, innovation and knowledge networks. The theoretical references show that adequate management of knowledge in rural territories is based on the construction of strategically articulated networks among the different actors that make up the territory, highlighting the role of universities, which, through the fulfillment of their functions, generate the knowledge that the territories demand and guarantee the education and training of human resources. All this implies the creation of synergies between the different actors, as well as the development of research and training processes adjusted to the needs and problems present in the territories. With respect to the functioning of the networks, there is a need to rethink the role of higher education institutions in territorial development, whose performance as promoters of such processes has been seriously questioned in the Region, due to their poor linkage with the environment. Therefore, there is a need to restructure the way in which university functions are carried out in order to promote their articulation so that the university can truly become an actor in territorial development

Territorios rurales inteligentes: lineamientos para el replanteamiento curricular en desarrollo territorial

Development studies have evolved in the course of history. An example of this is the transformations experienced by societies and specifically by rural territories, which have themselves faced the need of adopting structural changes generated by the globalization process. In this scenario, at the rural level intelligent territories have begun to be built, which –based on knowledge production, human resource training, and the construction of cooperation networks– have promoted the transformation and diversification of its productive, organizational, social, institutional, cultural and environmental structure. This article aims to analyze the main theoretical foundations that underpin the construction of smart territories at the rural level. The methodology was based on the review of specialized literature regarding development, territory, rurality, and innovation and knowledge as researching lines. The main findings show that smart territories are the result of the construction of cooperation networks for the production, transfer, and application of knowledge, as well as investment in education and training of human resources. Such aspects underline the role of higher education institutions in aspects such as competent professional training and in the production of relevant knowledge, as well as in leading the cooperation process for territorial development. Thus, it is necessary a curricular rethinking of the university programs associated with rural territorial development, so that extension begins to be conceived as a function-oriented towards the creation of institutional networks that support the production of the knowledge required to promote territorial rural development, as well as the professional training in such field

Algunos cambios institucionales en el Sistema Alimentario Venezolano, 1999-2009

la période 1999-2009, en mettant l'accent sur les aspects liés à la sécurité alimentaire et le développement rural. Bien que largement défini le concept d'institutions comprend, outre les règles de jeu, aussi aux organisations, pour des raisons méthodologiques seulement sont considéré dans le champ observatoire les institutions formelles de domination publique (rapportées au cadre légal). Les résultats de la recherche montrent que des institutions efficientes sont requises et coordonnées pour atteindre les buts de croissance et de développement, inclus celles du système alimentaire, pour garantir l'accomplissement du même objectif stratégique.The aims of this article is to identify some of the institutional changes concerning to the Venezuelan Agro-food System (VAS), during the 1999-2009 period, emphasizing on aspects related to food and sovereignty security and rural development. Although the concept of institutions -in its broad sense- also includes, moreover the rules of game and organizations, for methodological reasons the authors only considered formal institutions of public domain, relating to the legal framework. Some results point out that efficient and coordinated institution are needed inside the VAS, in order to achieve the goals of growth and development; including, likewise, the food system to ensure compliance with the same strategic objective.El artículo se orientó a identificar algunos cambios institucionales vinculados con el Sistema Alimentario Venezolano (SAV) durante el periodo 1999-2009, enfatizando en los aspectos relacionados con la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria y el desarrollo rural. Aún cuando en su acepción amplia, el concepto de instituciones comprende -además de las reglas del juego- a las organizaciones, por razones metodológicas sólo se consideraron dentro del campo observacional las instituciones formales de dominio público (referidas al marco legal). Los resultados de la investigación muestran que se requieren instituciones eficientes y coordinadas para alcanzar las metas de crecimiento y desarrollo, incluidas las del sistema alimentario, a fin de garantizar el cumplimiento del objetivo estratégico del mismo

La participación de los actores como estrategia de desarrollo: Asentamiento San Benito, estado Trujillo, Venezuela

El objetivo general de esta investigación es analizar la influencia de la participación de los actores en el proceso de desarrollo local del asentamiento Campesino San Benito, en el Municipio La Ceiba del estado Trujillo, Venezuela. Los fundamentos teóricos de la investigación se encuentran en la teoría del desarrollo local, en la que resalta, entre otros factores, la importancia del capital social y la participación de los actores. La metodología se basó en entrevistas realizadas a informantes calificados y visitas a las unidades de producción localizadas en la zona objeto de estudio. La investigación es de carácter descriptivo-analítica, pues se identifican y examinan las relaciones de interdependencia entre las variables que conforman el objeto de estudio. En la década de los noventa en este Municipio se iniciaron acciones participativas para promover el desarrollo local y tratar de resolver los principales problemas relacionados con la producción, comercialización, tenencia de la tierra, cloacas, acueducto y vivienda. No obstante, actualmente persisten estas dificultades debido a la ausencia de un modelo y niveles de participación adecuados al contexto y realidades autóctonas