Keratinocytes from human skin respond as typical immune cells after the stimulation with _Trichophyton rubrum_

_Trichophyton rubrum_ is the main agent causing dermatophytosis (1). Keratinocytes are
considered to be the first physical barrier of defense against pathogens (2). But not
only a physical barrier. They recognize antigens through Toll like receptors (TLR) (3).
The activation of this TLR, present on the surface of the keratinocytes, induce the
expression of different pro-inflammatory cytokines, co-stimulatory molecules and
antimicrobial peptides such as [beta]-defensins (4).
The main objective of this work is to determine if lipopolysaccharides of G – bacteria
(LPS), lipotheichoic acid from G+ bacteria (LTA), and conidias, isolated from _T. rubrum_
were able to activate the expression of TLR2 and TLR6 on the cell surface of a primary
culture of human keratinocytes through Flow cytometry. Furthermore we are looking for
the presence of [beta]-defensins 1 and 2, IL-1b and IL-8 in the supernatant, of the above
mentioned culture of cells, by Western blot.
From the flow cytometry data, the preliminary results showed an important dispersion
in terms of proliferation, increase in size and granularity of keratinocytes, from primary
cultures of skin from healthy donors, stimulated 6 hours with conidias of _T. rubrum_, and
LTA, but not when non stimulated, or stimulated with LPS (Fig 1).
When keratinocytes from primary cultures of skin from healthy donors were cultivated
48 hours, it was found dispersion in terms of proliferation, increase in size and
granularity when stimulated with conidias of _T. rubrum_, and LPS but not when non
stimulated, or stimulated with LTA (Fig 2).
The keratinocytes expressed increased levels of TLR2 and TLR6 when were
stimulated with LTA and less to _T. rubrum_, in the 6 hours cultures, but this last cells still
showed increased size (Fig 3).
The Keratinocytes expressed increased levels of TLR2 in the 48 hours cultures when
were stimulated with LPS and _T. rubrum_.(Fig 4)
Besides, [beta]-defensin-2 was detected in the supernatant of cultures of keratinocytes
stimulated with LPS (Fig 5).
It can preliminary be concluded that keratinocytes from primary cultures of human skin from healthy donors, are cells that respond as typical immune cells, after stimulation
with _T. rubrum_, LTA and LPS in different conditions, and that this mechanism may be
very important, for the protection of local environment. 

References
1.- Arenas R., Dermatofitosis en México. Rev Iberoam Micol 2002; 19: 63-67.
2.- Kupper T. and Fuhlbrigge R. Immune surveillance in the skin: mechanims and clinical consecuences.
Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4: 211-222
3.- Kôllish G., Naderi B., Voelcker V., Wallich R., Behrendt H., Ring J., Bauer S., Jacob T., Mempel M. and
Olelrt M. Various members of the Toll-Like receptor family contribute to the innate immune response of
human epidermal keratinocytes. Immunology 2005; 114: 531-541.
4.- Akira, S. and Takeda K. 2004. Toll-like Receptor Signalling. Nature Reviews Immunology 4:499-511

Educando sobre los usos del agua

84 P?ginasRecurso Electr?nicoEl agua es un recurso indispensable para los seres humanos, por lo tanto, cada persona necesita de cierta cantidad de agua y aunque se habla mucho de la importancia de este recurso, no hay una verdadera conciencia social sobre el cuidado que se debe tener para no desperdiciarla. Esta propuesta aborda situaciones encontradas en la Instituci?n Colegio Camino de Paz de la ciudad de Medell?n, del barrio Caicedo, y C.E.R. Colina Amigo del municipio de Caldas, vereda El Cano, con respecto al uso adecuado del agua, incluyendo en la misma un an?lisis de lo trabajado con los estudiantes mediante encuestas y cuestionarios, propuestas y sugerencias que puedan mejorar los usos del agua, teniendo una aplicabilidad en el entorno social, permitiendo crear metodolog?as eficaces y variadas, que busca convertirse en una alternativa de apoyo para mejorar el uso del agua en el clima escolar, mediante el desarrollo y el fortalecimiento de actividades l?dicas, videos, charlas y lecturas como herramientas did?cticas en su proceso de ense?anza aprendizaje; es por ello que ?stas van encaminadas como instrumentos pedag?gicos y socializadores de aprendizajes significativos, lo cual, a su vez, permite la formaci?n de los nuevos ciudadanos que el pa?s necesita, hombres y mujeres capaces de hacer buen uso del agua.ABSTRACT. Water is a vital resource for humans, therefore, each person needs a certain amount of water and although there is much talk of the importance of this resource, there is no real awareness of social care must be taken not waste it. This proposal addresses situations encountered on the Camino de Paz School Institution of the city of Medell?n, the neighborhood Caicedo and CER Hill Township Friend Caldas, village of El Cano, regarding the proper use of water, including in the same analysis of what worked with students through surveys and questionnaires, proposals and suggestions that can improve water use, having applicability in the social environment, allowing you to create effective and varied methodologies, which aims to become an alternative support to improve water use in the school environment, through the development and strengthening of fun activities, videos, lectures and readings as teaching tools the teaching-learning process; that is why they are designed as educational tools and socializing meaningful learning, which, in turn, allows the formationINTRODUCCI?N 13 1. MARCO CONTEXTUAL 14 2. ANTECEDENTES 15 3. FORMULACI?N DEL PROBLEMA 16 4. PREGUNTA PROBLEMATIZADORA 17 5. JUSTIFICACI?N 18 6. OBJETIVOS 20 6.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 20 6.2 OBJETIVOS ESPEC?FICOS 20 7. MARCO TE?RICO 21 7.1 INTRODUCCI?N AL AGUA 21 7.2 CICLO DEL AGUA 21 7.3 EL AGUA EN LA ATMOSFERA 22 7.4 PROPIEDADES DEL AGUA 22 7.5 CREACI?N DE UNA CULTURA DEL AGUA 23 7.6 LA CALIDAD DE LA AGUAS 24 7.7 FUNDAMENTOS LEGALES 29 7.7.1 Ley 373 de 1997 29 7.7.2 Decreto 1575 de 2007 y Resoluci?n 2115 de 2007 30 8. DISE?O METODOL?GICO 31 8.1 VARIABLE CUASI EXPERIMENTAL 31 8.2 TIPO DE ESTUDIO 31 8.3 POBLACI?N Y MUESTRA 32 8.4 T?CNICAS DE RECOLECCI?N DE INFORMACI?N 33 9. CRONOGRAMA DE ACTIVIDADES 35 10. AN?LISIS DE RESULTADOS 38 10.1 PRE-TEST 38 10.2 PROPUESTA DE INTERVENCI?N 40 10.3 POST-TEST: PRUEBA FINAL 40 10.4 AN?LISIS COMPARATIVO DE AMBAS INSTITUCIONES 42 10.5 AN?LISIS DETALLADO DE LA ENCUESTA 43 11. HALLAZGOS INVESTIGADOS 49 12. CONCLUSIONES 50 RECOMENDACIONES 51 REFERENCIAS 5

Blessing the curses? The relation between human capital endowment and the natural resource curse

This research paper is issued from a quantitative study after a literature review of some researches about the natural resource curse. The object of this research is to study the links between the natural resource curse and the human capital endowment, which can be evaluated through the natural resource rent, the investment on education (Education expenditure), the real gross domestic product growth per capita and the human development index. These variables measure the economic growth and the social welfare, which leads a country to its own development. This research includes a worldwide analysis of these variables. However, we also explore the interaction of these variables in a specific country, in this case, Peru, which is not only a typical country that has many extracting economic activities, but also the country where this topic started to be studied, due to the paradoxical situation this country lives nowadays. We stablish that, in order to determine if a country has a curse or not (in that scenario, we say it exists a boon rather than a curse), we need to study more cultural and social variables that it were not possible to consider in the current research

Improvement of cargo consolidation in the export logistics process of a zinc refinery: the Nexa Resources Cajamarquilla case study

This research aims to contribute to find a new alternative for the cargo consolidation process at Nexa Resources Cajamarquilla. This process implies the transportation of final products to the external warehouse by wagons, containers filling activities and the transportation of filled containers to port terminals. Qualitative data were collected during semi-structured interviews with managers and professionals from different fields with a high level of experience and background, since a process improvement involves knowing the impact in terms of manufacturing, sales, finance, corporate management and supply chain activities within the company. In terms of content analysis, time and cost, management of shipments and benefits of a new alternative were defined as the three main categories since APM Terminals can provide Nexa Resources with not only the possibility to reduce logistics costs and transportation time, but also the improvement of management of shipment process of the firm. The findings of this research suggest that choosing a new strategy for cargo consolidation process, using LICSA and APM Terminals at the same time will provide the firm with the opportunity to have a significant impact on saving costs and process efficiency; taking into consideration the decision of avoiding a dependence on an exclusive warehouse

Metodolog?a Para Ense?ar El Tema De La Energ?a Y Su Funcionamiento Por Dentro Y Por Fuera Del Cuerpo Humano

170 P?ginasRecurso Electr?nicoCuando miramos a nuestro alrededor vemos que las plantas crecen, se mueven los animales y las m?quinas y herramientas que realizan las tareas m?s diversas. Todas estas actividades tienen en el supuesto com?n que requiere de energ?a, es una propiedad asociada a los objetos y sustancias y se manifiesta en las transformaciones que se producen en la naturaleza. La energ?a se manifiesta en cambios f?sicos, por ejemplo, para levantar un objeto, el transporte, deforme o calentamiento, tambi?n est? presente en los cambios qu?micos, como por la quema de una pieza de madera o de la descomposici?n por la energ?a del agua. La combinaci?n de la energ?a y la materia constituyen el universo: la materia es la sustancia, y la energ?a es el motor de las personas. La idea es f?cil de entender el material, la materia es lo que usted puede ver, oler y sentir. Se tiene masa y ocupa un lugar en el espacio. Energ?a, por su parte, es m?s abstracta. Usted no puede ver, sentir, saborear ni oler. El ?nico momento en que la energ?a es evidente, es cuando experimenta cambios. Bien, nuestro cuerpo tambi?n necesita de poseer una gran cantidad de energ?a para moverse y realizar diferentes trabajos en su vida cotidiana.ABSTRACT As we look around us we see that the plants grow, move animals and machines and tools that perform the most varied tasks. All these activities have in common course requiring energy, is a property associated with the objects and substances and is manifested in the transformations that occur in nature. Energy is manifested in physical changes , for example, to lift an object , transporting , deform or heating , is also present in the chemical changes , such as by burning a piece of wood or decomposition by water power. The combination of energy and matter constitute the universe: matter is the substance, and energy is the engine of those. The idea is easy to grasp material, matter is what you can see, smell and feel. It has mass and occupies a place in space. Energy, by hand, is more abstract. You cannot see, feel, taste or smell. The only time that energy is evident, is when you experience changes. Well our body also needs to possess a large amount of energy to move and perform different jobs in their daily livesINTRODUCCI?N??????????????????????????????20 1. ANTECEDENTES?????????????????????????.? 23 2. JUSTIFICACI?N???????????.??????????????.?. 25 3. FORMULACI?N DEL PROBLEMA???????????...???????.27 4. PREGUNTA PROBLEMATIZADORA????????..????????..?28 5. MARCO CONTEXTUAL???????????.?????????.??? 29 6. OBJETIVOS ???????????.??????????????.??.... 38 6.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL???????????.??.???????????..38 6.2 OBJETIVOS ESPEC?FICOS?????????????.??????????39 6 7. MARCO TE?RICO ???????????.????????..????????40 8. DISE?O METODOL?GICO???????????.??????????...??70 8.1 UNIVERSO DE ESTUDIO???????????.?????.?????...??70 8.2 MUESTRA??????????????????.??????????...??70 8.3 TIPO DE INVESTIGACION???????????.????...??????...?70 8.4CORTE???????????.????????..??????.??????...71 8.5 CATEGORIAS???????????.????????...?????????.71 8.6 INSTRUMENTOS DE RECOLECCION DE LA INFORMACI?N?????.???71 8.7 PROCESAMIENTO Y ANALISIS DE LA INFORMACI?N????????.?...?72 8.8 PRODUCTO O RESULTADO DEL ESTUDIO?????????????...??72 9. CRONOGRAMA DE ACTIVIDADES???????????.?????????74 10. RESULTADOS???????????.??????????...???????77 7 10.1 PRE-TEST???????????.???????.???...????????.77 10.1.1 PRE-TEST GRADO QUINTO ?A? INSTITUCI?N EDUCATIVA LICEO JOSE MARIA VILLA DE SOPETR?N????????????????????????77 10.1.2 PRE-TEST GRADO QUINTO ?B? INSTITUCI?N EDUCATIVA LICEO JOSE MARIA VILLA DE SOPETR?N????????????????????????90 10.1.3 PRE-TEST GRADO QUINTO ?B? INSTITUCI?N EDUCATIVA FRANCISCO ABEL GALLEGO DE SAN JOS? DE LA MONTA?A????????.??????104 10.2 POS-TEST?????????????????????????????...119 10.2.1 POS-TEST GRADO QUINTO ?A? INSTITUCI?N EDUCATIVA LICEO JOSE MARIA VILLA DE SOPETR?N????????????????.???????.119 10.2.2 POS-TEST GRADO QUINTO ?B? INSTITUCI?N EDUCATIVA LICEO JOSE MARIA VILLA DE SOPETR?N???????????????.????????.131 10.2.3 POS-TEST GRADO QUINTO ?B? INSTITUCI?N EDUCATIVA FRANCISCO ABEL GALLEGO DE SAN JOS? DE LA MONTA?A????????.??????143 11.CONCLUSIONES???????????????????...???????..158 RECOMENDACIONES???????????.??????????...?...?159 8 REFERENCIAS???????????.????????...????????...?160 ANEXOS???????????.????????...?????????.???.16

Temporada reproductiva y densidad poblacional en tres especies de aves de la familia Thamnophilidae del bosque seco tropical en el departamento del Tolima

58 P?ginasRecurso Electr?nicoLas especies Thamnophilus doliatus, Formicivora grisea y Myrmeciza longipes han sido registradas en el departamento del Tolima, asociadas a vegetaci?n en regeneraci?n, bosques secundarios y bordes de bosque en la zona de vida Bosque Seco Tropical (bs-T). Sin embargo, existe un vac?o de informaci?n en los periodos reproductivos y la estimaci?n demogr?fica en la regi?n. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la temporalidad reproductiva y la densidad poblacional de estas especies en el bs-T. Fueron consultadas las bases de datos del Programa de Monitoreo de Aves en Armero-Guayabal del periodo 2010-2013, registrando los estados reproductivos, comparando la fecha de los datos con las precipitaciones para determinar la temporalidad reproductiva. Se llevaron a cabo transectos en tres localidades (Armero-Guayabal, Potrerillo y Chaco) para estimar la densidad poblacional y relacionarlo con diferentes componentes del paisaje. Se encontr? mayor abundancia de individuos reproductivos de T. doliatus y F. grisea en abril-marzo (lluvias). La densidad global promedio de T. doliatus (0,53 Ind/Ha) fue mayor a M. longipes (0,23 Ind/Ha); en lluvias se present? densidades altas para T. doliatus en Armero-Guayabal (0,783 Ind/Ha) y Chaco (0,261 Ind/Ha), sequ?a para M. longipes en Armero-Guayabal (0,319 Ind/Ha); no se hall? relaci?n con los elementos del paisaje y la densidad. En conclusi?n, los picos reproductivos de T. doliatus y F. grisea se asociaron con las precipitaciones. La especie T. doliatus registr? la mayor densidad promedio global, encontrando que la densidad de T. doliatus y M. longipes vari? en diferentes ?pocas clim?ticas en los tres sitios de estudio.ABSTRACT. Thamnophilus doliatus, Formicivora grisea and Myrmeciza longipes species have been recorded in the department of Tolima, associated with regenerating vegetation, secondary forests and forest edges in the life zone Tropical Dry Forest life (bs-T). However, there is an information gap about reproductive periods and population estimates in the region. The aim of this study was to establish the reproductive seasonality and population density of these species in the bs-T. Databases were consulted of Bird Monitoring Program in Armero-Guayabal period 2010-2013, recording the reproductive stages, comparing rainfall data to determine reproductive seasonality. Transects were conducted at three locations (Armero-Guayabal, Potrerillo and Chaco) to estimate the population density and relate different components of the landscape. Greater abundance of reproductive individuals of T. doliatus and F. grisea in March-April (rains) was found. The average overall density of T. doliatus (0.53 Ind/ha) was higher than M. longipes (0.23 Ind/ha); rains for high densities in T. doliatus in Armero-Guayabal (0.783 Ind/ha) and Chaco (0.261 Ind/ha), drought in M. longipes Armero-Guayabal (0.319 Ind/ha) was presented; not related to landscape elements and the density was found. In conclusion, reproductive peaks T. doliatus and F. grisea associated with precipitation. T. doliatus species the highest total average density, find the density of T. doliatus and M. longipes varied in different climatic seasons in the three study sites.INTRODUCCI?N 13 1. OBJETIVOS 15 1.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 15 1.2 OBJETIVOS ESPEC?FICOS 15 2. MARCO TEORICO 16 2.1 MARCO REFERENCIAL 16 2.1.1 Estrategias de vida y reproducci?n de aves Neotropicales 16 2.1.2 Densidad poblacional en aves 17 2.1.3 Especies focales del estudio 18 2.2 ANTECEDENTES 20 2.2.1 Thamnophilus doliatus (Linnaeus, 1764) 22 2.2.2 Myrmeciza longipes (Swainson, 1825) 22 2.2.3 Formicivora grisea (Boddaert, 1783) 23 3. METODOLOG?A 24 3.1 ?REA DE ESTUDIO 24 3.1.1 Localizaci?n geogr?fica 24 3.1.2 Sitios de muestreo 24 3.1.3 Variable ambiental 27 3.2 FASE DE CAMPO 28 3.2.1 Estado reproductivo 28 3.2.2 Densidad poblacional 29 3.3 ANALISIS DE DATOS 31 3.3.1 Temporada reproductiva 31 3.3.2 Densidad poblacional 31 3.3.3 An?lisis de paisaje 32 4. RESULTADOS 34 4.1 TEMPORADA REPRODUCTIVA 34 4.2 DENSIDAD POBLACIONAL 36 5. DISCUSI?N 41 5.1 TEMPORADA REPRODUCTIVA 41 5.2 DENSIDAD POBLACIONAL 42 5.3 CONSIDERACIONES FINALES 45 6. CONCLUSIONES 46 7. RECOMENDACIONES 47 REFERENCIAS 4

Intervenci?n social en prevenci?n del consumo de psicoactivos en adolescentes del sector de ?lamos de Ibagu? por medio de alternativas como el teatro y la producci?n audiovisual para el uso del tiempo libre.

69 p. Recurso Electr?nicoAntecedentes: de acuerdo al trabajo de campo realizado por las autoras, se ha evidenciado que los adolescentes entre 12 y 18 a?os del barrio ?lamos y el asentamiento Semillas del Futuro, sector vulnerable de Ibagu?, est?n propensos al consumo de psicoactivos, debido a la presencia de expendedores de estupefacientes y al inadecuado uso del tiempo libre de los menores. Objetivo: ante tal circunstancia, se pretende implementar alternativas art?sticas (teatro) y comunicacionales (producci?n audiovisual) a la poblaci?n antes mencionada, con el fin de ayudar a la prevenci?n del consumo de psicoactivos. Metodolog?a: Se emplea los m?todos de entrevista, grupo focal y talleres, para incidir en el problema desde las etapas de diagn?stico y planeaci?n hasta las de desarrollo de acciones y evaluaci?n del proceso. Resultados y conclusiones: se logr? que los adolescentes participantes (1) se apropien de herramientas narrativas, corporales y t?cnicas que proveen el teatro y la producci?n audiovisual para el aprovechamiento del tiempo libre; (2) se conciencien del impacto negativo que trae consigo el consumo de psicoactivos y (3) se promueva la creaci?n de un colectivo juvenil que le d? continuidad a esta iniciativa y se convierta en un espacio de cambio social en la comunidad. Palabras clave: Adolescentes, audiovisual, prevenci?n, psicoactivos, teatro.Precedents: according to the field work carried out by the authors, it has been shown that teenagers between 12 and 18 years of age in the ?lamos neighborhood and the Semillas del Futuro settlement, it?s a vulnerable sector of Ibagu? that are psychoactive drug consumption, due to the presence of drug dealers and the inappropriate use of free time of minors. Objective: These circumstances, it is intended to implement artistic (theater) and communicational (audiovisual production) alternatives to the aforementioned population, in order to prevent the consumption of psychoactive substances. Methodology: Interview methods, focus groups and workshops are used to influence the problem from the stages of diagnosis and planning to the development of actions and evaluation of the process. Results and conclusions: It was achieved that the participating teenagers (1) appropriated narrative, corporal and technical tools that provide theater and audiovisual production for the use of free time; (2) become aware of the negative impact of psychoactive consumption and (3) promote the creation of a youth group that will give continuity to this initiative and become a space for social change in the community. Keywords: Teenagers, audiovisual, prevention, psychoactive, theater

Wireless Sensor Network for Monitoring Applied Physical Variables

This article reports an array of wireless sensors connected to a network to monitor physical variables; environment temperature, soil humidity and environment humidity applied to the internet of things. The use of the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has a promising future due to current technical advances and its almost unlimited applications. In this paper WSN topologies, measurement methodology, sensor distribution and visualization of recorded data are proposed based on the monitoring area, the communication protocol established by Wi-Fi and the readings of the environmental temperature (ET), environmental humidity (EH) and ground humidity (GH) are recorded and displayed on the web. In this experimental monitoring of environmental physical conditions, a record is made every hour during a period of 24 hours. Some of the potential applications for this remote measurement technique are the green technologies, industrial processes, internet of things, among others

Implementaci?n de una metodolog?a estocastica en programaci?n secuencial

71 p. Recurso Electr?nicoEn el presente trabajo se ha implementado una metodolog?a estad?stica en algunos problemas de programaci?n secuencial. Se ha hecho uso de Modelos Lineales, mediante el uso de las siguientes propuestas: dos tareas con una sola operaci?n, varias tareas, varias m?quinas con sola una operaci?n. Por ultimo se plantea un problema con varias tareas y varias m?quinas interactuando 2 y 3 operaciones dependientes, igualmente se dise?o una mezcla de Distribuciones la cual es muy ?til en este tipo de problema