ANALIZA ODNOSA IZMEĐU PRVE TRI LAKTACIJE U HOLSTEIN KRAVA

The objective of this study was to evaluate relationship between milk yield in the first three lactations regarding levels of milk yield in the first lactation and levels of age at the first calving. Prediction of milk yield in later lactation based on milk yield in the earlier one was also carried out. The data used in this study were 5743 lactation yields collected from 1995 to 2003. All cows finished the first three lactations. Mean value of milk yield in the first lactation was 5283.5 kg, 6033.5 kg in the second and 6338.4 kg the third one. The milk yield estimation coefficients between the first and second lactation was 1.164, between the first and third was 1.231, and 1.079 between the second and third. The levels of milk yield in the first lactation highly significant influenced the value of estimation coefficient between first three lactations, while the age at first calving influenced less significantly. Determination coefficient (R2) values for models used in prediction ranged from 0.348 to 0.396.Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi odnos između količine mlijeka u prve tri laktacije krava Holstein pasmine, uz uvažavanje razine mliječnosti u prvoj laktaciji i dobi pri prvom teljenju te procijeniti količinu mlijeka u kasnijim na temelju količine mlijeka u ranijim laktacijama. Korišteni su podaci o količini mlijeka 5743 krava, koje su u razdoblju od 1995. – 2003. završile prve tri laktacije. Prosječna količina mlijeka u prvoj standardnoj laktaciji bila je 5283,5 kg, u drugoj 6033,5 kg te 6338,4 kg u trećoj laktaciji. Prosječna vrijednost koeficijenata procjene između prve i druge laktacije bila je 1,164, prve i treće 1,231 te druge i treće 1,079. Utvrđene su statistički visoko signifikantne razlike između koeficijenata procjene pri uvažavanju razine mliječnosti u prvoj laktaciji, dok je utjecaj dobi pri prvom teljenju bio manje signifikantan. Vrijednosti koeficijenata determinacije (R2) modela za procjenu količine mlijeka u kasnijoj laktaciji na osnovu ranije kretali su se od 0,348 do 0,396

ANALIZA ODNOSA IZMEĐU PRVE TRI LAKTACIJE U HOLSTEIN KRAVA

The objective of this study was to evaluate relationship between milk yield in the first three lactations regarding levels of milk yield in the first lactation and levels of age at the first calving. Prediction of milk yield in later lactation based on milk yield in the earlier one was also carried out. The data used in this study were 5743 lactation yields collected from 1995 to 2003. All cows finished the first three lactations. Mean value of milk yield in the first lactation was 5283.5 kg, 6033.5 kg in the second and 6338.4 kg the third one. The milk yield estimation coefficients between the first and second lactation was 1.164, between the first and third was 1.231, and 1.079 between the second and third. The levels of milk yield in the first lactation highly significant influenced the value of estimation coefficient between first three lactations, while the age at first calving influenced less significantly. Determination coefficient (R2) values for models used in prediction ranged from 0.348 to 0.396.Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi odnos između količine mlijeka u prve tri laktacije krava Holstein pasmine, uz uvažavanje razine mliječnosti u prvoj laktaciji i dobi pri prvom teljenju te procijeniti količinu mlijeka u kasnijim na temelju količine mlijeka u ranijim laktacijama. Korišteni su podaci o količini mlijeka 5743 krava, koje su u razdoblju od 1995. – 2003. završile prve tri laktacije. Prosječna količina mlijeka u prvoj standardnoj laktaciji bila je 5283,5 kg, u drugoj 6033,5 kg te 6338,4 kg u trećoj laktaciji. Prosječna vrijednost koeficijenata procjene između prve i druge laktacije bila je 1,164, prve i treće 1,231 te druge i treće 1,079. Utvrđene su statistički visoko signifikantne razlike između koeficijenata procjene pri uvažavanju razine mliječnosti u prvoj laktaciji, dok je utjecaj dobi pri prvom teljenju bio manje signifikantan. Vrijednosti koeficijenata determinacije (R2) modela za procjenu količine mlijeka u kasnijoj laktaciji na osnovu ranije kretali su se od 0,348 do 0,396

ESTIMATION OF DAILY AND LACTATION MILK YIELD FROM ALTERNATIVE MILK RECORDING SCHEME

Statistical methods were to developed and evaluated for the estimation of daily and 305-day lactation milk yield of dairy cattle from alternative milk recording scheme. Data included 7,815 individual test-day milk yield records collected according to the A4 milk recording method on 769 cows reared on 15 family farms. Daily milk yield was estimated using five different methods. The 305-day lactation milk yields were calculated from estimated daily milk yields using the Test Interval Method. The correlation between estimated and true milk yields, as well as the basic statistics of difference between estimated and true milk yield were used as the evaluation criteria for estimation methods. The linear regression of daily to partial milk yields with taking into account the interval between successive milkings proved to be the most accurate one in estimating daily milk yield, either from morning or evening records. The doubling of morning or evening milk yield highly overestimated and underestimated the daily milk yield, respectively. When 305-day lactation milk yields were compared no notable differences between evaluated methods were found

Evaluation of nutritional status of dairy cows based on milk protein and urea content

Cilj istraživanja bio je vrednovanje hranidbenog statusa mliječnih krava na temelju sadržaja bjelančevina i ureje u mlijeku uz uvažavanje utjecaja stadija laktacije i razine proizvodnje mlijeka. Korišteno 150 000 zapisa o količini i sastavu mlijeka krava iz redovne kontrole mliječnosti u razdoblju od 01.01.2004. do 31.10.2005. godine. Na osnovu sadržaja bjelančevina i ureje u mlijeku zadovoljavajuća opskrbljenost probavljivim bjelančevinama i energijom utvrđena je kod 21,04% krava nižeg nivoa produkcije (D1), 22,48% srednjeg nivoa ( D2), te 18,29% višeg nivoa produkcije (D3). Izraženi deficit probavljivih bjelančevina (A1, B1) zabilježen je u krava nižeg produkcijskog nivo, dok je nedovoljna opskrba energijom evidentna u krava višeg nivoa produkcije (C1, C2, C3). Zadovoljavajuća opskrbljenost probavljivim bjelančevinama te energijom utvrđena je kod 13,79% krava u početnom stadiju laktacije (S1), 16,36% u srednjem stadiju laktacije (S2), te 24,75% u posljednjem stadiju laktacije (S3). U početnom stadiju laktacije tj. u prvih 60 dana evidentna je nedostatna opskrba energijom (C1, C2, C3), dok je suvišak iste (A1, A2, A3) karakterističan pri trajanju laktacije dužem od 120 dana.The aim of this study was to evaluate nutritional status of dairy cows based on protein and urea content in milk in respect to stage of lactation and production levels of cows. 150 000 test day records from the regular milk recording (AT4 scheme) from 01.01.2004. till 31.10.2005. was used. Based on protein and urea content in milk 21,04% of cows lower level of production (D1), 22,48% of cows middle level of production (D2) and 18,29% of cows higher level of production (D3) had satisfactory nutritional status. Satisfactory nutritional status had 13,79% of cows in first stage of lactation (S1), 16,36% of cows in middle stage (S2) and 24,75% of cows in last stage of lactation (S3)

ESTIMATION OF DAILY AND LACTATION MILK YIELD FROM ALTERNATIVE MILK RECORDING SCHEME

Statistical methods were to developed and evaluated for the estimation of daily and 305-day lactation milk yield of dairy cattle from alternative milk recording scheme. Data included 7,815 individual test-day milk yield records collected according to the A4 milk recording method on 769 cows reared on 15 family farms. Daily milk yield was estimated using five different methods. The 305-day lactation milk yields were calculated from estimated daily milk yields using the Test Interval Method. The correlation between estimated and true milk yields, as well as the basic statistics of difference between estimated and true milk yield were used as the evaluation criteria for estimation methods. The linear regression of daily to partial milk yields with taking into account the interval between successive milkings proved to be the most accurate one in estimating daily milk yield, either from morning or evening records. The doubling of morning or evening milk yield highly overestimated and underestimated the daily milk yield, respectively. When 305-day lactation milk yields were compared no notable differences between evaluated methods were found

Thermal stress induces glycolytic beige fat formation via a myogenic state.

Environmental cues profoundly affect cellular plasticity in multicellular organisms. For instance, exercise promotes a glycolytic-to-oxidative fibre-type switch in skeletal muscle, and cold acclimation induces beige adipocyte biogenesis in adipose tissue. However, the molecular mechanisms by which physiological or pathological cues evoke developmental plasticity remain incompletely understood. Here we report a type of beige adipocyte that has a critical role in chronic cold adaptation in the absence of β-adrenergic receptor signalling. This beige fat is distinct from conventional beige fat with respect to developmental origin and regulation, and displays enhanced glucose oxidation. We therefore refer to it as glycolytic beige fat. Mechanistically, we identify GA-binding protein α as a regulator of glycolytic beige adipocyte differentiation through a myogenic intermediate. Our study reveals a non-canonical adaptive mechanism by which thermal stress induces progenitor cell plasticity and recruits a distinct form of thermogenic cell that is required for energy homeostasis and survival

Evidence of the Generation of Isosaccharinic Acids and Their Subsequent Degradation by Local Microbial Consortia within Hyper-Alkaline Contaminated Soils, with Relevance to Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste Disposal

The contamination of surface environments with hydroxide rich wastes leads to the formation of high pH (>11.0) soil profiles. One such site is a legacy lime works at Harpur Hill, Derbyshire where soil profile indicated in-situ pH values up to pH 12. Soil and porewater profiles around the site indicated clear evidence of the presence of the α and β stereoisomers of isosaccharinic acid (ISA) resulting from the anoxic, alkaline degradation of cellulosic material. ISAs are of particular interest with regards to the disposal of cellulosic materials contained within the intermediate level waste (ILW) inventory of the United Kingdom, where they may influence radionuclide mobility via complexation events occurring within a geological disposal facility (GDF) concept. The mixing of uncontaminated soils with the alkaline leachate of the site resulted in ISA generation, where the rate of generation in-situ is likely to be dependent upon the prevailing temperature of the soil. Microbial consortia present in the uncontaminated soil were capable of surviving conditions imposed by the alkaline leachate and demonstrated the ability to utilise ISAs as a carbon source. Leachate-contaminated soil was sub-cultured in a cellulose degradation product driven microcosm operating at pH 11, the consortia present were capable of the degradation of ISAs and the generation of methane from the resultant H2/CO2 produced from fermentation processes. Following microbial community analysis, fermentation processes appear to be predominated by Clostridia from the genus Alkaliphilus sp, with methanogenesis being attributed to Methanobacterium and Methanomassiliicoccus sp. The study is the first to identify the generation of ISA within an anthropogenic environment and advocates the notion that microbial activity within an ILW-GDF is likely to influence the impact of ISAs upon radionuclide migration

Lactate signalling regulates fungal β-glucan masking and immune evasion

AJPB: This work was supported by the European Research Council (STRIFE, ERC- 2009-AdG-249793), The UK Medical Research Council (MR/M026663/1), the UK Biotechnology and Biological Research Council (BB/K017365/1), the Wellcome Trust (080088; 097377). ERB: This work was supported by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Research Council (BB/M014525/1). GMA: Supported by the CNPq-Brazil (Science without Borders fellowship 202976/2014-9). GDB: Wellcome Trust (102705). CAM: This work was supported by the UK Medical Research Council (G0400284). DMM: This work was supported by UK National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC/K000306/1). NARG/JW: Wellcome Trust (086827, 075470,101873) and Wellcome Trust Strategic Award in Medical Mycology and Fungal Immunology (097377). ALL: This work was supported by the MRC Centre for Medical Mycology and the University of Aberdeen (MR/N006364/1).Peer reviewedPostprin

Novel insights into host-fungal pathogen interactions derived from live-cell imaging

Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge funding from the Wellcome Trust (080088, 086827, 075470 and 099215) including a Wellcome Trust Strategic Award for Medical Mycology and Fungal Immunology 097377 and FP7-2007–2013 grant agreement HEALTH-F2-2010-260338–ALLFUN to NARG.Peer reviewedPublisher PD