Rib abnormalities and their association with focal dark spots in Atlantic salmon fillets

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Digital phenotyping of individual feed intake in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with the X-ray method and image analysis

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PENGARUH KETERAMPILAN KERJA TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS KERJA ARSIPARIS BAPUSIPDA SE-BANDUNG RAYA

Penelitian ini dilakukan di Badan Perpustakaan dan Kearsipan Daerah (BAPUSIPDA) yang ada di sekitar Bandung raya. Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang rendahnya produktivitas kerja arsiparis Bapusipda se-Bandung raya yang diduga disebabkan oleh kurangnya tingkat keterampilan kerja para arsiparis. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode survey eksplanasi, dimana data dikumpulkan dengan menyebarkan angket yang dikembangkan dengan menggunakan model skala likert pada 31 pegawai arsiparis di Bapusipda se-Bandung raya yang diambil sebagai sampel. Data yang terkumpul dalam penelitian ini diuji dengan menggunakan uji regresi linier sederhana. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) tingkat keterampilan kerja arsiparis berada pada kategori sedang; (2) tingkat produktivitas kerja arsiparis berada pada kategori cukup; (3) terdapat pengaruh yang sangat kuat dari keterampilan kerja terhadap produktivitas kerja arsiparis di Bapusipda se-Bandung raya. Penelitian ini menyarankan agar pihak Bapusipda memberikan dorongan motivasi yang lebih kepada para pegawai dengan cara memberikan penghargaan dan pengakuan yang tepat dan wajar kepada pegawai atas prestasi kerja yang telah dicapainya. Selain itu, pihak Bapusipda seyoganya mengadakan kegiatan pendidikan dan pelatihan dengan intensitas yang lebih tinggi, agar profesionalisme dan produktivitas kerja para arsiparis meningkat. ---------- This research was conducted in Agency for Library and Archives (henceforth, BAPUSIPDA). It investigates the low productivity of the archivists in the institution, which was assumed to have been caused by a lack of work skills. This research adopts survey-explanatory method, where data were collected by distributing a set of questionnaires using Likert scale to a sample of 36 archivists in BAPUSIPDA. The collected data were analyzed using simple linear regression. The results show that: (1) the level of archivists’ work skills was at the medium category; (2) the level of productivity of the archivists was at the moderate category; and (3) there was quite significant influence of work skills on work productivity of the archivists at BAPUSIPDA. This study recommends that BAPUSIPDA should further motivate the employees by giving adequate and appropriate rewards and recognition for their work achievements. In addition, BAPUSIPDA should also provide more intensive inservice educational activities and training in order to develop the archivists’ professionalism and work productivity

EX-spot: Mørke flekker i laksefilet. Årsak til dannelse og tiltak som hemmer utvikling

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Low body fat content prior to declining day length in the autumn significantly increased growth and reduced weight dispersion in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.

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Rib abnormalities and their association with focal dark spots in Atlantic salmon fillets

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Rib abnormalities and their association with focal dark spots in Atlantic salmon fillets

Focal dark spots (DS) represent the most common quality problem in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). DS are predominantly located in the cranio-ventral region of the fillet, that is characterized by the presence of ribs. The current study explores the possible association between abnormal rib morphology and DS types and the frequency of rib abnormalities in the rib cage by X-ray imaging. The fish used were salmon from a common smolt group that were sampled in freshwater (smolt farm) and subsequently two, five, eight and 14 months after sea transfer to small-scale land-based tanks or commercial sea-cages. Large size wild salmon were used as additive. Rib abnormalities were found in most fish, with a consistent number of four abnormalities per rib cage side of smolts, land-based and wild salmon. After transfer from freshwater to sea-cages, there was an abrupt increase from four to 10 abnormal ribs per rib cage side, mainly explained by low-density and shorter ribs. The number of abnormal ribs stabilized in further samplings at around eight abnormalities per rib cage side. In contrast to wild salmon, abnormalities in farmed salmon were symmetrically concentrated in the center of the rib cage in mid and distal parts of ribs, where also most DS were concentrated. No typical black DS were observed in smolts, salmon farmed in land-based tanks or wild salmon. Two months after transfer to sea-cages, 15% of the salmon had fillet-red DS, while fillet-black DS were observed five months after sea transfer (30%). The prevalence of fillet-red DS oscillated between 15 and 3% during the seawater phase, while fillet-black DS increased until the eighth month after seawater transfer, stabilizing in further samplings at 43–45%. The prevalence of rib abnormalities was 1.6 times higher in fillet-black DS than in control tissue, and 2 times higher for peritoneum DS, principally because of various forms of bent-, and broken ribs. There was an association between rib abnormalities and DS, although additional factors influenced the final DS phenotype. Preventing damaging incidents in the late smolt phase and sea-cage operations can likely reduce the prevalence of abnormal ribs and DS

Mørke flekker i laksefilet. Kunnskapsstatus og tiltak for å begrense omfanget

Forekomsten av mørke flekker i laksefilet har økt betraktelig senere årene. I dag har hver femte filet slike flekker som i hovedsak er opp til 3 cm i diameter og lokalisert til filetens bukområde. Store ryggflekker har vist en urovekkende økning siden 2012. Forekomsten av flekker er høyere i Sør- og Midt-Norge enn lenger nord i landet. I våre forsøk fant vi de første flekkene tidlig i sjøfasen og deretter en økning i omfang og størrelse mot slakt. Flekkene skyldes en lokal vevsskade med sentutviklende betennelse og varierende mørk pigmentering, bindevevspåleiring, og økt nivå av visse mineraler og mikroorganiser. Betydningen av genetisk bakgrunn, vaksine og slaktehandtering er ikke vesentlig, mens oppdrettsforhold, vaksineringsmetode, laksens helsetilstand og mekaniske skader kan påvirke utviklingen av flekker. For eksempel kan liten smolt ved utsett i sjø ha økt risiko for å utvikle mørke flekker og lavt oksygennivå i sjø kan øke forekomsten. Justert fôrsammensetning før slakt (økt nivå av antioksidanter) kan hemme utvikling, som viser at mørkpigmentering kan begrenses ved å utnytte biokjemisk kunnskap om melaninsyntese og helingsprosesser. Forekomsten av flekker i økologisk laks er generelt lavere enn i konvensjonell laks. I videre forskning er det viktig å identifisere faktorer som fremkaller vevskader og samtidig utvikle tiltak som begrenser pigmentdeponering i skadet vev. Det er viktig å starte i tidlige livsfaser med å forhindre at vevsskader dannes og utvikles til mørke flekker. Ytterligere karakterisering av patologiske forandringer bør foretas og vurderes i forhold til sykdommer som HSMB og CMS. I prosjektet har vi utviklet registreringsrutiner av mørke flekker i industrien. Det nære samarbeidet med filetindustrien og deres leverandører av fisk har gitt pålitelig statistikk og nyttig kunnskap om faktorer som påvirker forekomsten av mørke flekker i kommersiell drift. Videre samhandling mellom forskning og industri er vesentlig for å utvikle tiltak for å begrense forekomsten av mørke flekker