Classifying antibiotics in the WHO Essential Medicines List for optimal use—be AWaRe

International audienc

Unraveling 5f-6d hybridization in uranium compounds via spin-resolved L-edge spectroscopy

FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESThe multifaceted character of 5f electrons in actinide materials, from localized to itinerant and in between, together with their complex interactions with 6d and other conduction electron states, has thwarted efforts for fully understanding this class of compounds. While theoretical efforts abound, direct experimental probes of relevant electronic states and their hybridization are limited. Here we exploit the presence of sizable quadrupolar and dipolar contributions in the uranium L-3-edge X-ray absorption cross section to provide unique information on the extent of spin-polarized hybridization between 5f and 6d electronic states by means of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism. As a result, we show how this 5f-6d hybridization regulates the magnetism of each sublattice in UCu2Si2 and UMn2Si2 compounds, demonstrating the potentiality of this methodology to investigate a plethora of magnetic actinide compounds.816FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPES10/19979-92013/22436-52014/05480-32014/26620-8Sem informaçãoWe are thankful to Roberto Caciuffo and Gerry Lander for discussions and comments on the manuscript. We thank Jose Carlos Botelho Monteiro for providing one of the UMn2Si2 samples. Work at Argonne is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC-02-06CH11357. Work at LNLS is supported by the Brazilian ministry of science and technology. This research was supported by FAPESP grants 2013/22436-5, 2014/05480-3, 10/19979-9, and 2014/26620-8. R.D.d.R. thanks the funding for his Ph.D. fellowship from CAPES brazilian agency

2019 Community-acquired Pneumonia Treatment Guidelines: There Is a Need for a Change toward More Parsimonious Antibiotic Use.

International audienc

Patterns of Gene Expression in Western Corn Rootworm (\u3ci\u3eDiabrotica virgifera virgifera\u3c/i\u3e) Neonates, Challenged with Cry34Ab1, Cry35Ab1 and Cry34/35Ab1, Based on Next-Generation Sequencing

With Next Generation Sequencing technologies, high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNAseq) was conducted to examine gene expression in neonates of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte) (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR) challenged with individual proteins of the binary Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins, Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1, and the combination of Cry34/Cry35Ab1, which together are active against rootworm larvae. Integrated results of three different statistical comparisons identified 114 and 1300 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) in the Cry34Ab1 and Cry34/35Ab1 treatment, respectively, as compared to the control. No DETs were identified in the Cry35Ab1 treatment. Putative Bt binding receptors previously identified in other insect species were not identified in DETs in this study. The majority of DETs (75% with Cry34Ab1 and 68.3% with Cry34/35Ab1 treatments) had no significant hits in the NCBI nr database. In addition, 92 DETs were shared between Cry34Ab1 and Cry34/35Ab1 treatments. Further analysis revealed that the most abundant DETs in both Cry34Ab1 and Cry34/35Ab1 treatments were associated with binding and catalytic activity. Results from this study confirmed the nature of these binary toxins against WCR larvae and provide a fundamental profile of expression pattern of genes in response to challenge of the Cry34/35Ab1 toxin, which may provide insight into potential resistance mechanisms

Experimental observation of high field diamagnetic fluctuations in Niobium

We have performed a magnetic study of a bulk metallic sample of Nb with critical temperature $T_{c}=8.5$ K. Magnetization versus temperature (M {\it vs} T) data obtained for fixed magnetic fields above 1 kOe show a superconducting transition which becomes broader as the field is increased. The data are interpreted in terms of the diamagnetic lowest Landau level (LLL) fluctuation theory. The scaling analysis gives values of the superconducting transition temperature $T_{c}(H)$ consistent with $H_{c2}(T)$% . We search for universal 3D LLL behavior by comparing scaling results for Nb and YBaCuO, but obtain no evidence for universality.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, Accepted for publication in Phys.Rev.

Progress towards antibiotic use targets in eight high-income countries.

Objective: To compare antibiotic sales in eight high-income countries using the 2019 World Health Organization (WHO) Access, Watch and Reserve (AWaRe) classification and the target of 60% consumption of Access category antibiotics. Methods: We analysed data from a commercial database of sales of systemic antibiotics in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and United States of America over the years 2013-2018. We classified antibiotics according to the 2019 AWaRe categories: Access, Watch, Reserve and Not Recommended. We measured antibiotic sales per capita in standard units (SU) per capita and calculated Access group sales as a percentage of total antibiotic sales. Findings: In 2018, per capita antibiotic sales ranged from 7.4 SU (Switzerland) to 20.0 SU (France); median sales of Access group antibiotics were 10.9 SU per capita (range: 3.5-15.0). Per capita sales declined moderately over 2013-2018. The median percentage of Access group antibiotics was 68% (range: 22-77 %); the Access group proportion increased in most countries between 2013 and 2018. Five countries exceeded the 60% target; two countries narrowly missed it (> 55% in Germany and Italy). Sales of Access antibiotics in Japan were low (22%), driven by relatively high sales of oral cephalosporins and macrolides. Conclusion: We have identified changes to prescribing that could allow countries to achieve the WHO target. The 60% Access group target provides a framework to inform national antibiotic policies and could be complemented by absolute measures and more ambitious values in specific settings

Physical and physicochemical characterization of fruits of two varietes of tamarillo originated from the North of Minas Gerais

O tamarilho (Solanum betaceum) ? uma esp?cie de clima subtropical explorado comercialmente como fruto de exporta??o em pa?ses como a Col?mbia e Nova Zel?ndia. No Brasil, esse fruto tem car?ter ex?tico, e suas caracter?sticas nutricionais e tecnol?gicas s?o pouco conhecidas. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar frutos de duas variedades de tamarilho, amarela e vermelha, oriundos da regi?o do Vale do Jequitinhonha no Estado de Minas Gerais. Foram analisados os aspectos f?sicos, f?sico-qu?micos e a composi??o centesimal. Os resultados da caracteriza??o centesimal e f?sico-qu?mica mostraram haver uma grande semelhan?a entre as duas variedades, excetuando o percentual de cinzas (0,152 ? 0,046 e 1,054 ? 0,339) e de a??cares redutores (5,283 ? 0,463 e 2,979 ? 0,090). O rendimento das polpas foi superior a 67%, o valor m?dio de s?lidos sol?veis totais foi da ordem de 12,5% e os valores da rela??o SST/AcT foi superior a 7,0. Tais medidas permitem considerar o tamarilho um fruto com potencial para o consumo in natura e poss?vel mat?ria-prima para a ind?stria de alimentos.Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecu?ria de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)The tamarillo (Solanum betaceum) is a subtropical species exploited as a fruit for exportation in countries such as Colombia and New Zealand. In Brazil, this fruit is exotic and their nutritional characteristics and technology are little known. This study aimed to characterize the fruits of two varieties of tamarillo, the yellow and the red, found in the Vale do Jequitinhonha region in the state of Minas Gerais. It was discussed the physical, physicochemical and proximate composition. The results of proximate composition and physicochemical characterization showed that there is a great similarity between the two varieties, presenting only major difference in the percentage of ash (0.152 ? 0.046 and 1.054 ? 0339) and reducing sugars (5.283 ? 0.463 and 2.979 ? 0.090). The yield of tamarillo pulp was more than 67%, the average value of total soluble solids was in order of 12.5%, and the average of the quotient from TSS / TAc was above 7.0. These characteristics of the tamarillo allow considering it for consumption in natura and possible raw material for the food industry

Influence of polymer-coated slow-release urea on total tract apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation and performance of Nellore steers

Objective Two experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of coated slow-release urea on nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen utilization, blood glucose and urea concentration (Exp 1), and average daily gain (ADG; Exp 2) of steers. Methods Exp 1: Eight ruminally fistulated steers [503±28.5 kg body weight (BW)] were distributed into a d 4×4 Latin square design and assigned to treatments: control (CON), feed grade urea (U2), polymer-coated slow-release urea A (SRA2), and polymer-coated slow-release urea B (SRB2). Dietary urea sources were set at 20 g/kg DM. Exp 2: 84 steers (350.5±26.5 kg initial BW) were distributed to treatments: CON, FGU at 10 or 20 g/kg diet DM (U1 and U2, respectively), coated SRA2 at 10 or 20 g/kg diet DM (SRA1 and SRA2, respectively), and coated SRB at 10 or 20 g/kg diet DM (SRB1 and SRB2, respectively). Results Exp 1: Urea treatments (U2+SRA2+SRB2) decreased (7.4%, p = 0.03) the DM intake and increased (11.4%, p<0.01) crude protein digestibility. Coated slow-release urea (SRA2+SRB2) showed similar nutrient digestibility compwared to feed grade urea (FGU). However, steers fed SRB2 had higher (p = 0.02) DM digestibility compared to those fed SRA2. Urea sources did not affect ruminal fermentation when compared to CON. Although, coated slow-release urea showed lower (p = 0.01) concentration of NH3-N (−10.4%) and acetate to propionate ratio than U2. Coated slow-release urea showed lower (p = 0.02) urinary N and blood urea concentration compared to FGU. Exp 2: Urea sources decreased (p = 0.01) the ADG in relation to CON. Animals fed urea sources at 10 g/kg DM showed higher (12.33%, p = 0.01) ADG compared to those fed urea at 20 g/kg DM. Conclusion Feeding urea decreased the nutrient intake without largely affected the nutrient digestibility. In addition, polymer-coated slow-release urea sources decreased ruminal ammonia concentration and increased ruminal propionate production. Urea at 20 g/kg DM, regardless of source, decreased ADG compared both to CON and diets with urea at 10 g/kg DM