Life of the polish people on polish territories in the years 1857-1861 presented by “Wiadomości Polskie”

The article treats about the life of the Polish nation under the Russian, Prussian and Austrian rule in the years 1857-1861 presented by "Wiadomości Polskie" - a weekly magazine, which unoffi cially belonged to Hotel Lambert (Polish emigrant conservative organisation). The publicists of the periodical - prominent Polish political and cultural activists and scholars - Julian Klaczko and Walerian Kalinka - drafted the image of the Polish people of that time, who led a demoralised and meaningless life and who were not willing to struggle for the sake of their enslaved motherland. According to “Wiadomości”, especially outrageous was the fact that some Poles could not resist the temptation of national betrayal, which they did by abandoning the dreams of restituted Poland. Nevertheless, stating that ‘Today the spirit of the nation is not yet poisoned’, the editors of "Wiadomości" believed that there were Poles who would do their best in order to gradually eliminate all national vices. Indeed, in the last editions of "Wiadomości" the publicists of the periodical fi rmly stressed that the Polish people fi nally understood what their national responsibilities were. Thus, they hoped the Polish nation would continue to grow and would not prematurely begin a national uprising, which would inevitably lead to another national disaster

AB INITIO CALCULATIONS OF QUANTUM SCATTERING AND LINE-SHAPE PARAMETERSIN O2 PERTURBED BY N2

The study and modelling of the N$_2$-perturbed lines in O$_2$ is of great importance for Earth's atmosphere studies. However, collisional systems with the ground-state molecular oxygen, O$_2$ ($X{}^3\Sigma^-_g$), either as perturbing or active molecule, are difficult to handle because of its non-zero spin that needs to be taken into account in the description of quantum scattering. Here, we present the methodology as well as the results of our quantum scattering calculations and the line-shape parameters for the O$_2$ immersed in molecular nitrogen bath. It is the first theoretical \emph{ab initio} investigation of this collisional system in the context of the shapes of molecular lines. The PES for this study was constructed automatically using the AUTOSURF code \footnote{Quintas-S\'{a}nchez, Ernesto, and Richard Dawes. "AUTOSURF: A freely available program to construct potential energy surfaces." Journal of chemical information and modeling 59, no. 1 (2018): 262-271}. The data provided through this investigation is important for the terrestrial atmospheric measurements and can be used for populating the spectroscopic databases such as HITRAN or GEISA

Life of the polish people on polish territories in the years 1857-1861 presented by “Wiadomości Polskie”

The article treats about the life of the Polish nation under the Russian, Prussian and Austrian rule in the years 1857-1861 presented by "Wiadomości Polskie" - a weekly magazine, which unoffi cially belonged to Hotel Lambert (Polish emigrant conservative organisation). The publicists of the periodical - prominent Polish political and cultural activists and scholars - Julian Klaczko and Walerian Kalinka - drafted the image of the Polish people of that time, who led a demoralised and meaningless life and who were not willing to struggle for the sake of their enslaved motherland. According to "Wiadomości", especially outrageous was the fact that some Poles could not resist the temptation of national betrayal, which they did by abandoning the dreams of restituted Poland. Nevertheless, stating that ‘Today the spirit of the nation is not yet poisoned’, the editors of "Wiadomości" believed that there were Poles who would do their best in order to gradually eliminate all national vices. Indeed, in the last editions of “Wiadomości” the publicists of the periodical fi rmly stressed that the Polish people fi nally understood what their national responsibilities were. Thus, they hoped the Polish nation would continue to grow and would not prematurely begin a national uprising, which would inevitably lead to another national disaste

Ab initio quantum scattering calculations and a new potential energy surface for the HCl(X1Σ+X^1\Sigma^+)-O2_{2}(X3Σg−X^3\Sigma^-_g) system: collision-induced line-shape parameters for O2_{2}-perturbed R(0) 0-0 line in H35^{35}Cl

The remote sensing of abundance and properties of HCl -- the main atmospheric reservoir of Cl atoms which directly participate in ozone depletion -- are important for monitoring the partitioning of chlorine between "ozone-depleting" and "reservoir" species. Such remote studies require knowledge of the shapes of molecular resonances of HCl, which are perturbed by collisions with the molecules of the surrounding air. In this work, we report the first fully quantum calculations of collisional perturbations of the shape of a pure rotational line in H$^{35}$Cl perturbed by an air-relevant molecule (as the first model system we choose the R(0) line in HCl perturbed by O$_2$). The calculations are performed on our new highly-accurate HCl($X^1\Sigma^+$)-O$_2$($X^3\Sigma^-_g$) potential energy surface. In addition to pressure broadening and shift, we determine also their speed dependencies and the complex Dicke parameter. This gives important input to the community discussion on the physical meaning of the complex Dicke parameter and its relevance for atmospheric spectra (previously, the complex Dicke parameter for such systems was mainly determined from phenomenological fits to experimental spectra and the physical meaning of its value in that context is questionable). We also calculate the temperature dependence of the line-shape parameters and obtain agreement with the available experimental data. We estimate the total combined uncertainties of our calculations at 2% relative RMSE residuals in the simulated line shape at 296~K. This result constitutes an important step towards computational population of spectroscopic databases with accurate ab initio line-shape parameters for molecular systems of terrestrial atmospheric importance.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, The following article has been accepted by The Journal of Chemical Physics. After it is published, it will be found at https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jc

Survival at the frontier of Holy War: political expansion, crusading, commerce and the medieval colonizing settlement at Biała Gora, North Poland

Between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries AD, the Lower Vistula valley represented a permeable and shifting frontier between Pomerelia (eastern Pomerania), which had been incorporated into the Polish Christian state by the end of the tenth century, and the territories of western Prussian tribes, who had resisted attempts at Christianization. Pomeranian colonization eventually began to falter in the latter decades of the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, most likely as a result of Prussian incursions, which saw the abandonment of sites across the borderland. Subsequently, the Teutonic Order and its allies led a protracted holy war against the Prussian tribes, which resulted in the conquest of the region and its incorporation into a theocratic state by the end of the thirteenth century. This was accompanied by a second wave of colonization, which resulted in the settlement pattern that is still visible in the landscape of north-central Poland today. However, not all colonies were destroyed or abandoned in between the two phases of colonization. The recently excavated site of Biała Góra, situated on the western side of the Forest of Sztum overlooking the River Nogat, represents a unique example of a transitional settlement that included both Pomeranian and Teutonic Order phases. The aim of this paper is to situate the site within its broader landscape context which can be characterized as a militarized frontier, where, from the later twelfth century and throughout much of the thirteenth century, political and economic expansion was combined with the ideology of Christian holy war and missionary activity. This paper considers how the colonists provisioned and sustained themselves in comparison to other sites within the region, and how Biała Góra may be tentatively linked to a documented but otherwise lost outpost in this volatile borderland

The archaeology of the military orders: the material culture of holy war

This paper reviews the current state of research into the archaeology of the military orders. It contrasts the advances made by historians and archaeologists, with the latter continuing to focus on the particularism of individual sites, with an emphasis on architectural analyses. Historians have contributed new insights by adopting a supranational approach. This paper argues that archaeologists can build on this by adopting a more problem-oriented, comparative approach. Drawing on examples from frontier and heartland territories, archaeological approaches are subdivided into material investment, material identity and cultural landscapes, to place sites of the military orders within a long-term, multi-scalar contexts. This contributes to a broader social and economic understanding of the orders, who contributed significantly to urbanisation, rural development and trade, and invested in material expressions of their authority and ideology. The paper concludes that more holistic, inter-regional approaches will move the archaeological study of the military orders forward

The Order of the Teutonic Knights and their state on the eve of the Prussian Homage of 1525. State and transformation

The Polish-Teutonic conflict in the years 1454–1466 influenced in every way the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. Changes were related to methods of management of the economy and finance in the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia that was considerably smaller after the second Peace of Thorn. Starting from the 80s 15th c. and ending with the first decade of the next century, Great Masters tried to change this situation or adapt to the needs of the state which was being transformed into the decentralized and secular one. The actions of the Great Masters led to remodeling the corporation by the restoration of internal order on the basis of the Rules of Teutonic Order and previous corporate governance of the religious type (as the one by The Thirteen Years’ War). However, the activities of the last two Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order in Prussia were focused on the reform and strengthening the state as an entity more territorial and feudal than corporate. In the years 1480–1500, a new policy was introduced which aimed at conversion of the State of the Teutonic Order and its economy from corporate entity in the secular state

Anti-Semitism in 'Rola' during the 1905-1907 revolution

Moja praca została poświęcona publicystyce antysemickiej „Roli” w okresie rewolucji 1905-1907 roku. Pismo Jana Jeleńskiego, założone w 1883 roku, było pierwszym polskim pismem antysemickim. Radykalizacja poglądów „rolarzy” na kwestię żydowską postępowała powoli, jednak właśnie w czasie rewolucji osiągnęła punkt kulminacyjny. Większość wątków antysemickich głoszonych w tamtym czasie, była kontynuacją poglądów już wcześniej obecnych na łamach tego pisma. Nowe, które się wtedy pojawiają, były odpowiedzią na szybko zmieniającą się rzeczywistość. Moja praca została podzielona na trzy rozdziały. W pierwszym omówiłem, jakie, według redaktorów tego pisma, znaczenie w organizowaniu strajków mieli Żydzi. W drugim pokazałem, w jaki sposób „rolarze” patrzyli na prasę warszawską, oraz na wybory do I i II Dumy Państwowej. Natomiast ostatni poświęciłem programowi samoobrony przed Żydami, lansowanemu na łamach tego pisma. Według publicystów „Roli”, właśnie w czasie rewolucji Żydzi pokazali swoje prawdziwe, demoniczne oblicze. Strajki – zdaniem „rolarzy” – były wyłącznym dziełem Żydów, którzy poprzez nie chcieli ostatecznie zapanować nad społeczeństwem polskim. Na fali rewolucji zaczęły powstawać nowe instytucje różnego typu. Dlatego, „Rola” starała się nie dopuścić do opanowania ich przez Żydów. Szczególne niebezpieczeństwo widziała ona w możliwości uzyskania przez Żydów mandatów poselskich do Dumy Państwowej. Lekarstwem na wszelkie zagrożenia miała być, według niej, całkowita izolacja tej narodowości w społeczeństwie. Częste odwoływanie się do nauki kościoła Katolickiego, choć traktowanej przez „rolarzy” w specyficzny sposób, nie pozwoliło im jednak na popieranie pogromów żydowskich. Wprost przeciwnie – nawoływali do wstrzymania się od wszelkiej przemocy wobec przedstawicieli tej narodowości. Żyd w publicystyce „Roli” tamtego okresu był nosicielem wszelkich cech negatywnych, jednak nadal pozostawał człowiekiem.In my dissertation I have analysed the anti-Semitic articles in the weekly magazine called ‘Rola’. This magazine, established in 1883 by Jan Jeleński, was the first Polish anti-Semitic newspaper. The ‘Rola’s views upon the Jewish issue from its beginning became more and more radical reaching its climax in the 1905-1907 revolution. During that revolution, most of the anti-Semitic views were continued. However, some new issues were raised due to the fast changing situation.My dissertation has been divided into three chapters. In the first I have tried to show in what way, according to the ‘Rola’s editors, Jews were responsible for the outbreak of the revolution (especially organizing strikes). In the second, I illustrated what ‘Rola’ thought about the Varsovian magazines of those times and the elections to the First and the Second State Duma. In the last one I have written about the self-defence programme against Jews in this magazine.According to the ‘Rola’s editors, during the revolution Jews finally showed their real face. To ‘Rola’s editors mind, strikes were specially inspired by Jews who wanted to take control over the Polish society. As during the revolution many new institutions of different kind started to exist, ‘Rola’ feared that they (Jews) might take advantage of that situation. ‘Rolarze’ were worried that Jews might win the elections to that ‘parliamentary body’, which in their opinion posed a great threat for Christians. Thus, they claimed that the best way to avoid the ‘Jewish danger’ was to isolate that nation from the Polish society. However, thay said that violence against Jews was not allowed as it was against the Catholic rules, in which they believed in their own way. In ‘Rola’s anti-Semitic articles Jews had the worst possible character traits. Nevertheless, they remained human beings

Religijność przyszłych stańczyków w okresie młodości a ich późniejsze wyobrażenia religijne

This article discusses the religious views of Stanisław Koźmian, Ludwik Wodzicki and Stanisław Tarnowski, as well as the shape of their piety before the January Uprising. The religiousness of their youth was confronted and compared with their later religious views, which allowed for a change in their views over the years.This work begins with a discussion of the spiritual formation of the heroes of this article, which was greatly influenced by the family environment in which they were brought up - an environment of patriotic nobility and aristocracy, sincerely devoted to Catholicism (for personal and national reasons). However, despite their attachment to religion and fulfilment of religious practices (especially in the case of Stanisław Tarnowski and Ludwik Wodzicki), the future Staśniks were not uncritically inclined towards the Catholic Church. On the contrary - just like the majority of the generation to which they belonged - they often expressed negative opinions about the moral condition of the clergy, and were opposed to the secular power of the Pope, which put them in opposition to ultra-Montane members of their families and some members of the Hotel Lambert - the organisation with which they were ideologically and politically associated.After the January Uprising there was a gradual evolution of their views towards almost complete obedience to the institutional Church. Nevertheless, for several more years their religious outlook was marked by a certain liberalism, and their views on the behaviour of the Catholic Church were often critical, which resulted in accusations of moderantism being levelled at them by the ultramontane milieu of the "Przeglad Lwowski".W artykule omówione zostały poglądy religijne Stanisława Koźmiana, Ludwika Wodzickiego oraz Stanisława Tarnowskiego, a także kształt ich pobożności przed powstaniem styczniowym. Religijność ich młodzieńczych lat skonfrontowana i porównana została z ich późniejszymi zapatrywaniami religijnymi, co pozwoliło ukazać zmianę ich poglądów na przestrzeni lat.Pracę rozpoczyna omówienie formacji duchowej bohaterów tego artykułu, na którą olbrzymi wpływ miało środowisko rodzinne, w którym zostali wychowani – środowisko patriotycznej szlachty i arystokracji, szczerze oddanej katolicyzmowi (z osobistego i narodowego powodu). Mimo przywiązania do religii oraz wypełniania praktyk religijnych (zwłaszcza w przypadku Stanisława Tarnowskiego i Ludwika Wodzickiego) przyszli stańczycy nie byli jednak bezkrytycznie nastawieni do Kościoła katolickiego. Wprost przeciwnie – podobnie jak większość generacji, do której należeli –  niejednokrotnie negatywnie wypowiadali się na temat kondycji moralnej kleru, a także byli przeciwnikami świeckiej władzy papieża, co stawiało ich w opozycji do ultramontańsko nastawionych członków ich rodzin oraz niektórych członków Hotelu Lambert – organizacji z którą byli ideowo-politycznie związani.Po powstaniu styczniowym następowała stopniowa ewolucja ich poglądów w kierunku niemal całkowitego posłuszeństwa Kościołowi instytucjonalnemu. Niemniej jeszcze przez kilkanaście lat ich zapatrywania religijne naznaczone były pewnym liberalizmem, a spojrzenie na postępowanie Kościoła katolickiego było niejednokrotnie krytyczne, co skutkowało oskarżeniami o moderantyzm kierowanymi w ich stronę przez ultramontańskie środowisko „Przeglądu Lwowskiego”.