Influence of Selected Per Orally Administered ATB on Microflora of GIT in Experimental Animals

Composition of gastrointestinal (GIT) microbiota differs in individual parts of GIT. Only 40% of GIT bacteria are cultivable. Fluorescence-in-situ-hybridization (FISH) can detect non-cultivable bacteria. Perorally administered antibiotics (ATB) affect the composition of microbiota in GIT. The absorbed ATB, namely penicillins, tetracyclines, macrolides or fluorochinolons, have different influence in comparison with poorly absorbed oral ATB, such as aminoglycosides, aminocoumarines or polypeptides. This effect is due to retention of high concentration of non-absorbed ATB during passage through GIT and their longer influence on bacteria living in different parts of GIT. Study methods were based on scientific literature review from PubMed, Elsevier databases and Slovak scientific publications. We searched for publications between years 1980 and 2016, with keywords: ATB, influence, microbiota, FISH. The literature review focuses on peroral administration of ATB to humans and animals and its potential effect on composition of GIT microbiota. The relevant studies showed that per orally administered ATB produced many important changes in microbiota of GIT. FISH method was more frequently used for screening the normal composition of microbiota than for studying the effects of ATB although there were some studies dealing also with this issue

Flax-seed oil and Lactobacillus plantarum supplementation modulate TLR and NF-κB gene expression in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenged gnotobiotic pigs

The present study analyses the effect of flax-seed oil rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum — Biocenol™ LP96 and their combination on the expression level of selected Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes (TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR9) and their downstream molecules (myeloid differentiation factor 88, MyD88; nuclear factor-κB, NF-κB) in the jejunum of gnotobiotic pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). The results show that both immunomodulators are able to modulate the RNA level of at least one of the target molecules and thus regulate pathogeninduced inflammation. We confirmed that not only probiotic lactobacilli or flaxseed oil alone but also their synergistic action has great potential in the prevention and treatment of porcine colibacillosis. The results give an insight into one of the possible mechanisms by which natural agents, such as probiotic lactobacilli and flax-seed oil, exert their immunoregulatory properties during pathogen-induced inflammation

Evaluation of the growth performance and some blood parameters in broilers with the addition of humic substances in the diet

Article Details: Received: 2020-10-21 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.150-154The effect of the administration of two humic preparations on a selected production and biochemical parameters were monitored in an experiment with broiler chickens of the Cobb 500 breed. There were not observed statistically significant differences between the control group and the experimental groups in the achieved average live weight and the feed conversion ratio in the 37-day experiment. The statistically significant differences (P˂0.001 and P˂0.05) were between the content of calcium, phosphorus and chlorides in the blood of the control group compared to the experimental groups. As for magnesium in the blood, we did not find significant differences (P≥0.05) between the groups. As far as the parameters of the energy profile are concerned, the content of glucose and cholesterol was statistically significantly higher in the control group in comparison with the experimental groups (P˂0.05). The concentrations of triglycerides were statistically significantly higher in the experimental groups (P≤0.05, resp. 0.01, resp. 0.001) compared to the control group.Keywords: nutrition, humic substances, production, blood, broilersReferences ARPAŠOVÁ, H. et al. (2016). Use of humic acid in nutrition of broiler chickens. Slovenský chov, 32-33. In Slovak.AVCI, M. et al. (2007). Effects of humic acid at different levels on growth performance, carcass yields and some biochemical parameters of quails. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6(1), 1-4.BAHODARI, Z. et al. (2017). The effect of earthworm meal with vermi-humus on growth performance, haematology, immunity, intestinal microbiota, carcass characteristics, and meal quality of broiler chickens. Livestock Science, 202, 74-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.05.010EL-ZAIAT, H. M. et al. (2018). Impact of humic acid as an organic additive on ruminal fermentation constituents, blood parameters and milk production in goats and their kids growth rate. Journal of Animal and Feed Science, 27(2), 105-113. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/92074/2018HAKAN, K. et al. (2012). Effects of boric acid and humate supplementation on performance and egg quality parameters of laying hens. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 14(4), 233-304. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-635X2012000400008 JAĎUTTOVÁ, I. et al. (2019). The effect of dietary humic substances on the fattening performance, carcass weight, blood biochemistry parameters and bone mineral profile of broiler chickens. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 88, 307-313. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201988030307MAJEWSKA, M. et al. (2017). Influence of humic acid supplemented to sheep diets on rumen enzymatic activity. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 73(12), 770-773. https://doi.org/10.21521/mw.5822MUDROŇOVÁ, D. et al. (2020) The effect of humic substances on gut microbiota and immune response of broilers. Food and Agricultural Immunology, 31(1), 137-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540105.2019.1707780NAGARAJU, R. et al. (2014). Effect of dietary supplementation oh humic acids on performance of broilers. Indian Journal of Animal Science, 84(4), 447-452. https://doi.org/PMC6811714PISTOVÁ, V. et al. (2017). The effect of the humic substances, garlic (Allium sativum L.), wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) and walnut (Juglans regia) on carcass parameters of broiler chickens. Scientific Papers Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 50(1), 234-237.RZASA, A. et al. (2014). Humic-fatty acid preparation in growing rabbits nutrition. Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, 17(3), 1-6.TERRY, S. A. et al. (2018). Effect of humic substances on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, methane emissions, and rumen microbiota in beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science, 96(9), 3863-3877. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky265.TICHA, A. et al. (2009). Humic substances influence on cholesterol absorption. Klinicka biochemie a metabolizmus, 17(1), 37-41. In Czech.VAŠKO, L. et al. (2012). Humic acids in nutrition and effect on metabolism and health production. Slovenský chov, 5, 40-41. In Slovak.WANG, Q., et al. (2008). Effects of supplemental humic substances on growth performance, blood characteristics and meat quality in finishing pigs. Livestock Science, 117(2-3), 270-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.12.024YORUK, M. A. et al. (2004). The effects of supplementation of humate and probiotic on egg production and quality parameters during the late laying period in hens. Poultry Science, 83(1), 84-88. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.1.8

Effect of humic acid substances on proteolytic activity in intestine, digestibility of crude protein and protein content in the blood of broiler chickens

Article Details: Received: 2020-10-18 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.159-163The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary intake of humic substances (HS) on the proteolytic activity and the digestibility of crude protein (CP) measured as the apparent assimilable mass coefficient of CP corrected for protein catabolism (AMCN) in the intestine as well as on the total protein and albumin content in the serum of broiler chickens (Cobb 500, n=120). Chickens (groups A, B, C / negative control) were fed with mixtures with CP (g.kg-1 DM) – Hyd1 230.20 (d 1-7), Hyd2 222.20 (d 8-28), Hyd3 209.40 (d 29-37) for 37 days. The humic substances were added into diets of experimental groups in the feed additive according to the content of humic/fulvic acids (HA/FA; g.kg-1) A 4.55/0.35, B 3.99/0.35, C 2.85/0.25. The body weights and feed consumption were measured once a week. The average daily weight gains and the feed conversion ratio were calculated. The dietary intake of HS had a positive effect on the increase of proteolytic activities in the intestinal apparatus and caused the significant enhancement of AMCN of birds from experimental groups on days 17, 24 and 31. However, the values of the total protein and the albumin in the serum were significantly decreased in the groups after intake of HA/FA 4.55/0.35 or 3.99/0.35 in the feed.Keywords: gut of poultry, humates, enzymatic activity, crude protein, albuminReferencesArif, M. et al. (2016). Impacts of dietary humic acid supplementation on growth performance, some blood metabolites and carcass traits of broiler chicks. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 86(9), 1073–1078.Broderick, G. A. (1987). Determination of protein degradation rates using a rumen in vitro system containing inhibitors of microbial nitrogen metabolism. British Journal of Nutrition, 58(3), 463–475. 10.1079/bjn19870114 Carvalho, L. H. M., De Koe, T. and Tavares, P. B. (1998). An improved molybdenum blue method for simultaneous determination of inorganic phosphate and arsenate. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Restoration, 1(1), 13–19.Cunniff, P. (1995). Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 16th edn., Arlington, Va, USA: AOAC International.Daněk, P., Paseka, A., Smola, J., Ondráček, J., Bečková, R. and Rozkot, M. (2005). Influence of lecithin emulsifier on the utilisation of nutrients and growth of piglets after weaning. Czech Journal of Animal Science,50, 459–465. https://doi.org/10.17221/4245-CJASEuropean Commission (2009). Commission Regulation (EC) No 152/2009 of 27 January 2009 laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of feed. Official Journal of European Union, 54, 1–130.Gomez-Rosales, S. and Angeles, M. D. (2015). Addition of a worm leachate as source of humic substances in the drinking water of broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 28(2), 215–222. 10.5713/ajas.14.0321Grieninger, G. and Granick, S. (1975). Synthesis and differentiation of plasma proteins in cultured embryonic chicken liver cells: a system for study of regulation of protein synthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, 72(12), 5007–5011. 10.1073/pnas.72.12.5007Gugliemo C. G. and Karasov W. H. (1993). Endogenous mass and energy losses in ruffed grouse. The Auk, 110(2), 386–390.Jamdar, S. N., Harikumar, P. (2005). Autolytic degradation of chicken intestinal proteins. Bioresource Technol., 96(11), 1276–1284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.10.014Kočí, Š. et al. (1994). The nutrient requirements and nutrient value of feeds for poultry. 1. ed.1 Nitra: Research institute of animal production, 46 pp.McMurphy, C. P., Duff, G. C., Sanders, S. R., Cuneo, S. P. and Chirase, N. K. (2011). Effects of supplementing humates on rumen fermentation in Holstein steers. South African Journal of Animal Science, 41(2), 134–140. 10.4314/sajas.v41i2.71017Ozturk, E. et al. (2014). Performance, meat quality, meat mineral contents and caecal microbial population responses to humic substances administered in drinking water in broilers. British Poultry Science, 55(5), 668–674. 10.1080/00071668.2014.960807 Van Loon, J. C. (1980). Analytical Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Selected methods. New York: Academic press, 337 pp.Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B. and Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fibre, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583–3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2Windisch, W. et al. (2008). Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. Journal of Animal Science, 86(14 Suppl), E140-E148. 10.2527/jas.2007-0459

Antibiotic-Treated SPF Mice as a Gnotobiotic Model

Decontamination of specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice of BALB/c line was accomplished by administration of amoxicillin per os potentiated with potassium clavulanate at a dose of 387.11 mg/kg body weight and ciprofloxacin administered s.c. at a dose of 18.87 mg/kg body weight every 12 h for 5 days. This resulted in a decreased viability of microorganisms in feces and the cecal content of mice and decreased counts of cultivable microorganisms in the feces, which by day 3 of study declined below the recovery level and to the reduction of animal microbiota to two detected cultivable species, namely Escherichia coli (GenBank KX086704) and Enterococcus sp. (GenBank KX086705). Convalescence of decontaminated animals under gnotobiotic conditions for 10 days prevented restoration of species diversity of mice microbiota and sufficed to return the metabolic, hematological and morphological values to the physiological range. It also restored the fermentative activity of the intestine to the level similar to that observed before antibiotic treatment. Animals subjected to this procedure can be used in further studies. As a result, we created a mouse gnoto model with reduced and controlled microbiota without alteration of the overall health status of the respective animals

Antibiofilm Activity of Weissella spp. and Bacillus coagulans Isolated from Equine Skin against Staphylococcus aureus

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of Weissella cibaria, Weissella hellenica and Bacillus coagulans, isolated from equine skin, against biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus CCM 4223 and clinical isolate methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Non-neutralized cell-free supernatants (nnCFS) of tested skin isolates completely inhibited the growth and biofilm formation of S. aureus strains and caused dispersion of the 24 h preformed biofilm in the range of 21–90%. The majority of the pH-neutralized cell-free supernatants (nCFS) of skin isolates inhibited the biofilm formation of both S. aureus strains in the range of 20–100%. The dispersion activity of B. coagulans nCFS ranged from 17 to 77% and was significantly lower than that of nnCFS, except for B. coagulans 3T27 against S. aureus CCM 4223. Changes in the growth of S. aureus CCM 4223 in the presence of catalase- or trypsin-treated W. hellenica 4/2D23 and W. cibaria 4/8D37 nCFS indicated the role of peroxides and/or bacteriocin in their antimicrobial activities. For the first time, the presence of the fenD gene, associated with biosurfactants production, was detected in B. coagulans. The results of this study showed that selected isolates may have the potential for the prevention and treatment of biofilm-forming S. aureus infections

Supplementation of lactic acid bacteria has positive effects on the mucosal health of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed soybean meal

publishedVersio

Mucosal barrier status in Atlantic salmon fed marine or plant-based diets supplemented with probiotics

publishedVersio

Diet supplementation with flaxseed stimulates gut metabolism in mice

Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the feed may affect the gastrointestinal microbiota. The present study investigated the effect of 35-day supplementation of mice diet with 5% concentration of high-ω-3 PUFAs in flaxseed with focus on intestinal metabolism of mice. Capillary isotachophoresis method was used for the assessment of the level of organic acids in the gut material and faeces. Supplementation of flaxseed increased the level of organic acids in the caecum (acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids) and faeces (lactic, acetic, butyric acids). The most significant effect was observed on day 28 of flaxseed supplementation. The investigated additive had a stimulatory effect on intestinal metabolism and fermentation activity of beneficial bacteria