Effectiveness of the launch at FA5 for blind persons in 2016 Paralympic Games

El presente estudio analiza todos los lanzamientos a portería (n=730) en la modalidad Fútbol a 5 para ciegos de los Juegos Paralímpicos de 2016. Para ello, se utilizó el instrumento IOLF5C para analizar la eficacia del lanzamiento en Fútbol a 5 para personas ciegas, que emplea 13 variables para definir cada lanzamiento. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, y tras analizar las relaciones entre las variables y la eficacia, se identificó el tipo de lanzamiento más eficaz, así como sus asociaciones significativas. El Análisis de Regresión Logística muestra la existencia de tres variables que predicen la eficacia del lanzamiento a portería en relación a la Zona de comienzo y Tipo de golpeo. Estos resultados permiten caracterizar el Fútbol a 5 para personas ciegas y lo diferencia del resto de deportes de tanteo bajo en los tipos de progresión, bloqueos y modos de juegoThe present study analysed all shots at goal (n=730) in football 5-a-side for the blind at the 2016 Paralympic Games. The instrument IOLF5C was used to analyse shooting effectiveness in football 5-a-side for the blind. It comprises 13 variables that define every shot. A descriptive study was carried out, and after analysing the significant relationships between all variables and effectiveness, the most effective type of shot was identified, as well as the most significant associations. The logistic regression analysis revealed the existence of two variables that predict shooting effectiveness: starting zone and type of contact. These results allowed for characterisation of football 5-a-side for the blind and its differentiation from other low-scoring sports regarding types of advancement, blocks and playing systemsEste trabajo ha sido parcialmente subvencionado por la Ayuda a los Grupos de Investigación (GR18170) de la Junta de Extremadura (Consejería de Empleo e Infraestructuras); con la aportación de la Unión Europea a través de los Fondos Europeos de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)

Sport performance indicators in football 7-A-side for people with cerebral palsy

El presente estudio pretende determinar los indicadores de rendimiento que influyen en el lanzamiento a portería en fútbol a 7 para personas con parálisis cerebral (Fa7PC). La muestra está compuesta por los lanzamientos de doce partidos seleccionados aleatoriamente de la competición de Fa7PC de los Juegos Paralímpicos de 2012. Los resultados un número elevado de lanzamientos, sobre todo en los últimos minutos del partido, siendo los equipos mejor clasificados los que realizan más. Los jugadores que más lanzan son los delanteros con más capacidad funcional (CP8), a pesar de no ser más efectivos que el resto. El pie derecho y el empeine son las zonas más utilizadas, con trayectorias bajas, oposición cercana y desde zonas centrales del campo. El lanzamiento con mayor probabilidad de éxito se realiza desde Zona 2, 3 o 6, con el interior del pie, una altura baja y sin oposición defensiva o sólo frente al porteroThe aim of the study is determining performance indicators that influence in the results of shot on goal in football 7-a-side for persons with cerebral palsy (Fa7CP). The sample was composed of all shots on goal executed during twelve matches of different competition phases of the Fa7PC Paralympic Games in London 2012. The results show a high number of shots, especially in the last minutes of the match. Best-ranked teams are the most throwers and front players with more functional capacity (CP8) have the biggest offensive weight, despite not being more effective than other players. Right foot and instep are the most used areas to shot on goal, which more frequently have low trajectories, develop with the close opposition and from the field central areas. The launch with the highest probability of success is executed from Zone 2, 3 or 6, with the inside of the foot, a low height and without defensive opposition or only in front of the goalkeeperEste trabajo ha sido parcialmente subvencionado por la Ayuda a los Grupos de Investigación (GR15122) de la Junta de Extremadura (Consejería de Empleo e Infraestructuras); con la aportación de la Unión Europea a través de los Fondos Europeos de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)

Validation of the IOLF5C instrument for the efficacy of shooting on goal in football for the blind

El objetivo del estudio es diseñar y validar un instrumento de observación para conocer los Indicadores de Rendimiento Competitivo en Fútbol a 5 para personas ciegas a través de jueces expertos. La muestra se compuso por 12 entrenadores expertos en Fútbol a 5. Tras la realización de un estudio preliminar, el IOLF5C quedó estructurado en dos partes: acciones básicas durante el lanzamiento a portería en situaciones de juego, y durante el penalti. La validez de contenido se realizó a través de la V de Aiken y sus intervalos de confianza. Para comprobar la consistencia interna del instrumento se empleó α de Cronbach. Los resultados indicaron que el IOLF5C dispone de niveles óptimos de validez obteniendo valores superiores a 0,875 en todos los ítems durante el juego y 0,96 en penalti. La consistencia del instrumento fue de 0,894. Por tanto, el IOLF5C es un instrumento válido y fiableThe aim of this study was to design and validate an observational instrument to identify essential competitive performance indicators in Football 5-a-Side for blind and partially sighted players through the assistance of expert evaluators. The sample was comprised of twelve Football 5-a-Side expert coaches. After a preliminary study, the OLF5C instrument was structured to include two groups of actions: basic actions during shots on goal in game situations and shooting actions penalty situations. Aiken's V statistic and confidence interval values were used to assess the content validity and Cronbach' value was used to assess the internal consistency of the instrument. Results indicated that the IOLF5C has good validity indices with obtained values reaching .875 in all items during game situations and 0.96 on penalty shot actions. The overall level of instrument consistency was .894. The IOLF5C is considered to be a valid and reliable instrumen

Evolution of the documents related to the study of taekwondo sports performance: a bibliometric review

Abstract: Taekwondo is a Korean martial art, combat sport, and Olympic discipline. Taekwondo competition is characterized as an individual sport (1X1), single elimination tournament and repechage system. The aim goal of this study is brought of a bibliometric review regarding the item’s “taekwondo” and “performance”, through identified and published manuscripts on the Web of Science (WOS) database by December 31, 2022. The bibliometric analysis was used to analyze a data set of 460 WOS-indexed manuscripts published between 1992 and 2022. Descriptive analysis, citation, authorships, countries, institutionals, and keywords co-occurrence analyses were conducted into Taekwondo sports performance. The manuscripts founded in the WOS database are inserted on the categories: “Sports Science” (n = 229), “Hospitality Leisure Sport Tourism” (n = 48), and “Physiology” (n = 32). The authors Kazemi et al. (2006), Matsushigue et al. (2009), and Paillard (2017) are the must published and cited researchers. The countries with high number of published manuscripts with the objective of this study are Brazil (n = 83), South Korea (n = 57), and Spain (n = 52). We found also, five collaboration networks between authors and institutions, found a gap of the thematic relevant researchers. The authors should have highlighted Franchini, E., (n = 42), and Falco, C., (n = 20). It is recommended to carry out multidimensional research on Taekwondo sports performance with the aim of establishing collaborations within groups, institutions, and countries. In this way, the productivity, effectiveness, and quality of research would be increased, as well as international collaboration networks.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Design and Validation of an Instrument for Technical Performance Indicators of the Kick (Chagi) Technique in Taekwondo.

Taekwondo is a martial art and combat sport that originated in medieval or similar cultures, but today it is primarily a combat activity conditioned by safety rules. The kick technique is called “chagi” (Korean language). “Eyeballing” is a problem that is being addressed with traditional training methods used in Taekwondo. (1) Background: To solve this problem, the main aim of this study was to develop an Observation System for Technical Performance Indicators-Chagi (OSTPI-C). The validation and reliability processes were carried out by 19 expert judges, who were required to meet at least four out of the five selected inclusion criteria. (2) Methods: The content validity was calculated using Aiken’s V coefficient value on qualitative (relevance, univocity, and importance) and quantitative levels (rating scale from one to five), through the agreement and consensus of the panel experts. The reliability of the instrument was analyzed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. (3) Results: The results demonstrated the high content validity indexes (0.90) and high reliability (alpha > 0.70) of the observational instrument. (4) Conclusions: The OSTIP-C observational instrument could be used in the Olympic and Paralympic Taekwondo sport environment as a valid and reliable tool to evaluate the technical execution of kick technical processes.post-print670 K

Relación entre la presencia del portero y las variables pedagógicas que definen las tareas en el fútbol. Un estudio de caso

This research aims to analyze the pedagogical variables included in the training tasks designed by the soccer-base coach, Benjamin category (age between 9 and 10 years), regarding the presence or not of the goalkeeper. To do this, a total of 46 training tasks framed during 2 months of the training stage were analyzed. For the categorization of tasks, the SIATE tool was used, to analyze the pedagogical variables: Presence of Goalkeeper (PG), Game Situation (GS), Game Phase (GP), Content Type (CONT-T), Sports Initiation Medium (SIM), Opposition Level (OL) and Line of Play (LJ). The results show that the coach designs 8 x 8, mixed and competitive training tasks with the presence of a goalkeeper, and 1 x 0 training tasks, complex application exercise for warm-up without the presence of a goalkeeper. Also, there are significant differences between the variable presence of goalkeeper and the coach’s way of acting.La presente investigación tiene el objetivo de analizar las variables pedagógicas que se incluyen en las tareas de entrenamiento diseñadas por el entrenador de fútbol-base, categoría Benjamín (edad comprendida entre 9 y 10 años), respecto a la presencia o no del portero. Con tal fin, se analizaron un total de 46 tareas de entrenamiento desarrolladas durante 2 meses de la etapa formativa. Se utilizó́ la herramienta SIATE para la categorización y análisis de las siguientes variables pedagógicas de dichas tareas: Presencia de Portero (POR), Situación de Juego (SJ), Fase de Juego (FJ), Tipo de Contenido (CONT-G), Medio de Iniciación Deportiva (MIE), Nivel de Oposición (NO) y Línea de Juego (LJ). Los resultados muestran que el entrenador diseña tareas de entrenamiento de 8 x 8, mixta y competitivas con presencia de portero, y tareas de entrenamiento 1 x 0, así como ejercicio de aplicación compleja para el calentamiento sin presencia de portero. Se concluye que existen diferencias significativas entre la variable presencia de portero y el modo de actuar del entrenador

Influencia del medio de iniciación al entrenamiento en el diseño de tareas en fútbol escolar (sub-12)

Currently, studies around the organization of training processes through tasks have become one of the emerging lines in Sports Sciences. Therefore, the present paperwork aimed to analyze the way of acting of a technical body of a soccer team in school age, U12, as well as to know the relationship of the means of initiation to training and the pedagogical, external load, and organizational variables that influence the design of homework. For this, a total of 177 training tasks framed during five competitive months were examined. In order to categorize the tasks, the Comprehensive System for the Analysis of Training Tasks was used to study the variables identified by the technical staff. A descriptive and difference analysis was conducted of the variables proposed in the study with the training initiation medium. The results demonstrated the existence of associations between the training initiation medium and the variables game situation, game phase, content-type, specific content (pedagogical). Associations were also identified/found in the variables density, number of simultaneous performers, competitive load, game space, and cognitive involvement (external load), and the participation variable (organizational). Associations were also found in the variables density, number of simultaneous performers, competitive load, game space, and cognitive involvement (external load), and the participation variable (organizational). Therefore, these results show the importance of knowing the restrictions related to the workload of training tasks. In addition, they provide the technical body with information on an easy, affordable, and informative tool to quantify workload. This method should be considered as a complement to portable devices for training load control and monitoring in invasion sports.Atualmente, estudos sobre a organização de processos de treinamento por meio da tarefa de casa, se tornaram uma das linhas emergentes na ciência do esporte. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o modo de atuação de uma equipe técnica de um time de futebol em idade escolar, sub-12, bem como conhecer a associação dos meios de iniciação ao treinamento e as variáveis pedagógica, carga externa e organizacional que influenciam no desenho das tarefas. Para isso, um total de 177 tarefas de treinamento enquadradas durante cinco meses competitivos foram examinados. Com o objetivo de categorizar essas tarefas, a ferramenta utilizada foi o Sistema abrangente para a análise de tarefas de treinamento, a fim de estudar as variáveis identificadas pelo corpo técnico. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva e de diferença entre as variáveis propostas na pesquisa, com base nos meios de iniciação ao treinamento. Os resultados demonstraram a existência de associações entre os meios de iniciação ao treinamento e as variáveis situação do jogo, fase do jogo, tipo de conteúdo, conteúdo específico (pedagógico). Estas associações foram também encontradas nas variáveis densidade, número de artistas simultâneos, carga competitiva, espaço de jogo e envolvimento cognitivo (a partir de carga externa), e a variável participação (organizacional). Portanto, esses resultados mostram a importância de conhecer as restrições relacionadas à carga horária das tarefas de treinamento. Além disso, fornecem à equipe técnica informações sobre uma ferramenta fácil, acessível e informativa para quantificar a carga de trabalho. Este método deve ser considerado um complemento aos dispositivos inerciais para treinamento e monitoramento de controle de carga em esportes de invasão.Actualmente, los estudios en torno a la organización de los procesos de entrenamiento mediante las tareas se han convertido en una de las líneas emergentes en las ciencias del deporte. Por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar el modo de actuación de un cuerpo técnico de un equipo de fútbol en edad escolar, sub-12, así como conocer la asociación del medio de iniciación al entrenamiento y las variables pedagógicas, de carga externa y organizativas que influyen en el diseño de las tareas. Para ello, se examinó un total de 177 tareas de entrenamiento enmarcadas durante cinco meses competitivos. Con miras a la categorización de dichas tareas, se utilizó la herramienta Sistema Integral para el Análisis de las Tareas de Entrenamiento, con la finalidad de estudiar las variables identificadas por el cuerpo técnico. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y de diferencias entre las variables planteadas en la investigación, con base en el medio de iniciación al entrenamiento. Los resultados demostraron la existencia de asociaciones entre el medio de iniciación al entrenamiento y las variables situación de juego, fase de juego, tipo de contenido, contenido específico (pedagógicas). Estas asociaciones también fueron encontradas en las variables: densidad, número de ejecutantes simultáneos, carga competitiva, espacio de juego e implicación cognitiva (de carga externa), y la variable participación (organizativa). Por tanto, tales resultados evidencian la importancia de conocer las restricciones relacionadas con la carga de trabajo de las tareas de entrenamiento. Además, proporcionan al cuerpo técnico información sobre una herramienta fácil, asequible e informativa para cuantificar la carga de trabajo. Este método debe considerarse como un complemento de los dispositivos inerciales para el entrenamiento del control de la carga y monitoreo en deportes de invasión

Strength and Speed Profiles Based on Age and Sex Differences in Young Basketball Players

Team sports are in continuous evolution, and physical performance is acquiring greater importance in the game. The assessment of physical fitness is the most reliable method for knowing if the athlete’s physical fitness is appropriate. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to identify profiles of physical-physiological demands with different specific tests of physical fitness related to the maximum strength of the lower body and speed. Moreover, some differences based on the sex and age of the players were identified. One hundred and forty-nine basketball players were analyzed (men n = 103 vs. women n = 46, weight: 74.74 ± 11.65 kg vs. 56.89 ± 3.71 kg, height: 184.66 ± 11.67 vs. 164 ± 4 and BMI: 21.7 ± 0.83 vs. 21.6 ± 0.90). The players performed an Abalakov test, a multi-jump test, and a repeat sprint ability test. Each player was equipped with a WIMU PRO device, and photoelectric cells were used. A MANOVA was performed to discover the differences between ages, and a t-test was used regarding sex. The results showed significant differences based on age and sex in variables related to time and Player Load/min (p < 0.001). The variables related to steps (contact, step, flight) also showed significant differences as a function of age (p < 0.001) and sex (p < 0.05). The multi-jump test showed differences based on age (p < 0.05 except in between jumps), but not on sex. These results confirm the importance of working together on lower body strength and speed skills. In addition, the planning of the work on these abilities must be individualized and according to the characteristics of the athlete

Boccia nos Jogos Paralímpicos: A evolução de 1984 a 2016 e perspetivas futuras

This study aimed to analyze the participation in Boccia from 1984 to 2016 in Paralympic Games (PG) and envision future perspectives in the parasport. Data was obtained from official International Paralympic Committee webpage, from the first edition (1984) until 2016 and associated to athlete’s classification, competitive format and number of played games, the number, nationality and gender of participants, and also the results. The number of athletes participating in PG has steadily increased between 1984 (19) and 2016 (106), the same was observed with relation to represented countries (1984 = 5 vs 2016 = 21) and medal countries (1984 = 5 vs 2012 and 2016 = 11). With respect to athletes’ gender, an evident increase was observed, although not continuous throughout the PG editions (male 1984 = 11 vs 2016 = 73 / female 1984 = 8 vs 2016 = 33). Despite the total number of played games increased between 1984 (19) and 2016 (180), this has not been uniform, having even decreased between 2004 (252) and 2012 (161). This evidence is related to factors such as forms of qualification and competition format, that have changed over time, as well as classification system (BC4 was implement in 2004), and pairs and teams’ format. It should also be highlighted that, in 1984 edition, PG were performed separating genders. Boccia is a developing parasport with several challenges, namely: i) the continuous increase in participants; ii) gender equally; iii) improvement of classification system; and iv) the competitions format to accommodate an increasing number of participants.El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la evolución de la Bocha de 1984 a 2016 en los Juegos Paralímpicos (JP) y vislumbrar perspectivas futuras en el paradeporte. Los datos se obtuvieron de la página oficial del Comité Paralímpico Internacional, de 1984 a 2016 y asociados a la clasificación de atletas, formato competitivo y número de partidos disputados, número, nacionalidad y sexo de los participantes, así como resultados. El número de atletas que participaron en el JP aumentó de manera constante entre 1984 (19) y 2016 (106), lo mismo se observó para los países representados (1984 = 5 vs 2016 = 21) y países que ganan medallas (1984 = 5 vs 2012 y 2016 = 11). En cuanto al género, se observó un aumento evidente, aunque no continuo a lo largo de las ediciones (masculino 1984 = 11 vs 2016 = 73 / femenino 1984 = 8 vs 2016 = 33). A pesar de la cantidad total de juegos ha aumentado entre 1984 (19) y 2016 (180), este no fue uniforme, incluso disminuyó entre 2004 (252) y 2012 (161). Esta evidencia está relacionada con factores como el modelo de clasificación y el formato de la competición, que ha cambiado con el tiempo, así como el sistema de clasificación (BC4 implementado en 2004) y el formato de parejas y equipos. Cabe señalar también que, en la edición de 1984, los JP se realizaron con separación de género. La Bocha es un paradeporte en desarrollo con varios desafíos, a saber: i) el aumento continuo de participantes; ii) igualdad de género; iii) mejoría del sistema de clasificación; y iv) formato competitivo para acomodar a un número cada vez mayor de participantes.O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a evolução do Boccia de 1984 a 2016 nos Jogos Paralímpicos (JP) e vislumbrar futuras perspetivas na modalidade paralímpica. Dados foram obtidos da página oficial do Comité Paralímpico Internacional, de 1984 até 2016 e associados à classificação dos atletas, formato competitivo e número de jogos disputados, número, nacionalidade e género dos participantes, e também resultados. O número de atletas participantes nos JP aumentou constantemente entre 1984 (19) e 2016 (106), o mesmo foi observado relativamente aos países representados (1984 = 5 vs 2016 = 21) e países medalhados (1984 = 5 vs 2012 e 2016 = 11). No que respeita ao género, um aumento evidente foi observado, embora não contínuo ao longo das edições (masculino 1984 = 11 vs 2016 = 73 / feminino 1984 = 8 vs 2016 = 33). Apesar do número total de jogos ter aumentado entre 1984 (19) e 2016 (180), este não foi uniforme, tendo mesmo diminuído entre 2004 (252) e 2012 (161). Esta evidência está relacionada com fatores como modelo de qualificação e formato da competição, que mudaram ao longo do tempo, bem como sistema de classificação (BC4 implementada em 2004) e formato de pares e equipas. De realçar ainda que, na edição de 1984, os JP foram realizados com separação de géneros. O Boccia é uma modalidade paralímpica em desenvolvimento com vários desafios, nomeadamente: i) o aumento contínuo de participantes; ii) igualdade de género; iii) melhoria do sistema de classificação; e iv) formato competitivo para acomodar um número crescente de participantes